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Copyright N°. 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



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> GREAT BRITAIN/^ 





THE 

^ WORLD WAR ^ 

at a Glance 



ft 

^j^ . Essential Facts Concerning ^j^ 
(5l the Great Conflict between 
Democracy and Autocracy 

Vtoun 



ft 



CHICAGO: 
LAIRD & LEE, Inc. 

PUBLISHERS 



«E 



Foreword 

Never in the world's history has so great a con- 
flict raged among men as that which to-day engulfs 
civilization. 

Nothing we have or do matters if we do not win 
this war. 

Before our business, before our family, before our 
very lives comes this one supreme interest : the 
necessity of waging to a successful conclusion the 
great enterprise on which our nation is embarked — 
protection of liberty under democracy of govern- 
ment against the menace of absolute autocracy. 

It is natural, therefore, that the war and all con- 
nected with it should be uppermost in our minds and 
our discussions. There is hardly a home from 
which a near and dear one has not gone forth to 
fight for Right over Might. Yet how much of our 
discussion is well informed ; and when, from the 
passing news, well informed on some detail, how 
long is it before we have forgotten? When for- 
gotten, how many have the means at hand ready 
to refresh their memories? 

To meet this end this little book has been com- 
piled. For those at home it affords in convenient 
form the essential facts on which this world con- 
flict rests ; for the soldier or sailor in active service 
it is a compact guide to those great points with 
which he must be familiar for an intelligent con- 
ception of the struggle in which he plays a part — 
an encyclopedia for his pocket. 

All the data are gathered from the very latest 
sources ; those on military and naval affairs stop- 
ping short of furnishing information of value to the 
enemy. 

As events progress and changes occur, it will be 
our aim to keep this little volume up to date, that 
for current use or future reference it may always 
afford, as its name suggests, some conception of 
"T_he World War at a Glance." 
©CI. A 4 9 4 5 8 THE PUBLISHERS. 

Copyright, 1918, by Roberts-Bonner. 

A WW I h i^.A ^W I 



INDEX 



Airplanes 45 

Appropriations, war, U. S. 14-15 

Areas of nations 12 

Armament of forces 35 

Armies, strength 9 

Army, U. S., administration 32 
" " numbering ... 31 
" " organization. 32-34 

" '* strength 26 

" " "training 

schools, etc. 28-31 
" " units, sizes.34-35 

Artillery, sizes 35 

Aviation 45-47 

Aviation, personnel 47 

training stations... 31 
Battles of 18th and 19th 

centuries 53 

Borrowing of nations 17 

Brigade, size of 34 

Cabinet, U. S 23 

Cantonments 30 

Chronology of war 60-64 

Colors, army services 36 

Cost of modern wars 21-22 

Cost of World War, gross... 16 

" " " " net ... 13 

Council of National Defense 24 

Crews, U. S. Navy 41 

Debts, national 19 

Declaration of war 8 

Democracy, growth of.... 78-79 

Division, size of 35 

U. S. Navy 41 

Draft, selective 27 

Family allowances 44 

Flags of nations 93-94 

" U. S. Army 83-84 

Fleet, U. S. Navy 41 

Fleets, merchant 51 

Flying corps 46 

Food administration 25 

Food, why we must save it 49 

Food regulations 50 

Food, saving effected 50 

Fuel administration 25 

Generals commanding armies 9 
Germany's losses in war... 12 
Governments, U. S. and for- 
eign 23 

Guard, general orders for... 39 

Hat cords 36 

Insignia, British Army 91 

French Army 92 

U. S. Army, col- 
" ors, cords, braids. 36 

U. S. Army 85-87 

U. S. Navy 88-90 

Insurance, war risk 15, 43 

Interest on national debts.. 19 



Liberty motor 47 

Loans by nations to allies. . 16 

Loans, war, of nations 17 

Machine guns 35 

Map, Democracy vs. Autoc- 
racy 78-79 

Marine Corps 40 

Merchant fleets 51 

Methods of war, new 54 

Military record 2 

Mobilization camps 29 

Money, foreign, values 39 

Nations at war 7 

National Army 26 

National Guard 26 

Naval Militia 40 

Navies, strength 10 

Navy, U. S. commands 41 

" " complements . 41 

" " crews 41 

" " personnel .... 40 

Overcoat braiding 3(1 

Pay, allotments of 44 

*' U. S. Army 37, 45 

" II. S. Navy 42 

Pay, foreign armies 22 

Pistols 35 

Populations of nations 11 

Pronunciations 57-59 

Bailroad administration. .47-48 
Ranks, relative. Army and 

Navy 38 

Regiment, size of 34 

Relations broken with Ger- 
many 7 

Rifles, U. S. and foreign. 35, 36 

Rulers of nations 23 

Salutes 38 

Shipping, new construction. 51 

Shipping board 25 

Shipping, losses 51-52 

merchant 51 

Shoulder straps, colors, etc. 36 

Signals, wig- wag 80-81 

two-arm semaphore. 82 

Squadron, U. S. Navy 41 

Submarine record 51, 52 

Tax, income 55-56 

Taxation 18 

Training camps, etc 28-31 

Victory bread 50 

War aims, our 6 

War boards, U. S 24-25 

Wealth of nations 20 

Weapons of war, new 54 

Why we are at war 3 

Why we cannot make peace 

with Prussia 54 

Zeppelins 45 



MILITARY RECORD 

Name 

Rank 

Company or Battery Regiment. 

Brigade Division. 



Date of Enlistment. 
Where Enlisted 



Nearest Living Relative. 
Address 



Size of Blouse 

" •' Overcoat 

" " Breeches 

" ,: Stockings 

" " Gloves .. 

" '• Shoes . . 

" "Hat 

" '« Shirt ... 



Weight pounds. Height feet inches 

BATTLES PARTICIPATED IN DATES 



Why We Are at War 

From President Wilson's War Message to 
Congress, April 2, 1917. 

"On the 3rd of February last I officially laid 
before you the extraordinary announcement of 
the Imperial German Government that on and 
after the first clay of February it was its pur- 
pose to put aside all restraints of law or of 
humanity and use its submarines to sink every 
vessel that sought to approach either the ports 
of Great Britain and Ireland, or the western 
coasts of Europe, or any of the ports controlled 
by the enemies of Germany within the Mediter- 
ranean. 

"That had seemed to be the object of the 
German submarine warfare earlier in the war, 
but since April of last year the Imperial Gov- 
ernment had somewhat restrained the com- 
manders of its undersea craft in conformity 
with its promise then given to us that pas- 
senger boats should not be sunk and that due 
warning would be given to all other vessels 
which its submarines might seek to destroy 
when no resistance was offered or escape at- 
tempted, and care taken that their crews were 
given at least a fair chance to save their lives 
in their open boats. The precautions taken 
were meagre and haphazard enough, as was 
proved in distressing instance after instance in 
the progress of the cruel and unmanly business, 
but a certain degree of restraint was observed. 

"The new policy has swept every restriction 
aside. Vessels of every kind, whatever their 
flag, their character, their cargo, their destina- 
tion, their errand, have been ruthlessly sent to 
the bottom without warning and without 
thought of help or mercy for those on board, 
the vessels of friendly neutrals along with those 
of belligerents. Even hospital ships and ships 
carrying relief to the sorely bereaved and 
stricken people of Belgium, though the latter 
were provided with safe conduct through the 
prescribed areas by the German Government 
itself and were distinguished by unmistakable 
marks of identity, have been sunk with the 
same reckless lack of compassion or of prin- 
ciple. 

"I was for a little while unable to believe 
that such things would in fact be done bv any 
government that had hitherto subscribed to 
the humane practices of civilized nations .... 



. . . Property can be paid for; the lives of 
peaceful and innocent people cannot be. The 
present German submarine warfare against 
commerce is a warfare against mankind. 

"It is a war against all nations. American 
ships have been sunk, American lives taken, in 
ways which it has stirred us very deeply to 
learn of, but ships and people of other neutrals 
and friendly nations have been sunk and over- 
whelmed in the waters in the same way. There 
has been no discrimination. The challenge is 
to all mankind. Each nation must decide for 
itself how it will meet it. The choice we make 
for ourselves must be made with a moderation 
of counsel and a temperateness of judgment be- 
fitting our character and our motives as a 
nation 

"With a profound sense of the solemn and 
even tragical character of the step I am taking 
and of the grave responsibilities which it in- 
volves, but in unhesitating obedience to what 
I deem my constitutional duties I advise that 
the Congress declare the recent course of the 
Imperial German (Government to he in fact noth- 
ing less than wnr against the Government and 
people of the United States; that it formally 
accept the status of belligerent which has thus 
been thrust upon it and that it take immediate 
steps not only to put the country in a more 
thorough state of defense, but also to exert all 
its power and employ all its resources to bring 
the Government of the German Empire to terms 
and end the war 

"Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable 
where the peace of the world is involved and 
the freedom of its peoples, and the menace to 
that peace and freedom lies in the existance 
of autocratic governments backed by organized 
force, which is controlled wholly by their will, 
not by the will of their people. We have seen 
the last of neutrality in such circumstances. 



"Self-governed nations do not fill their neigh- 
bor states with spies or set the course of in- 
trigue to bring about some critical posture of 
affairs which will give them an opportunity to 
strike and make conquest. Such designs can 
be successfully worked out only under cover 
and where no one has the right to ask a.ues- 
tions 

"One of the things that has served to con- 
vince us that the Prussian autocracy was not 
and could never be our friend is that from the 
very outset of the present war it has filled our 
unsuspecting communities, and even our offices 



of government, with spies and set criminal in- 
trigues everywhere afoot against our national 
unity of council, our peace within and without, 
our industries and our commerce. 

'Indeed, it is now evident that its* spies were 
here even before the war began; and it is un- 
happily not a matter of conjecture but a fact 
proved in our courts of justice that the in- 
trigues which have more than once come peril- 
ously near to disturbing the peace and dislocat- 
ing the industries of the country have been 
carried on at the instigation with the support, 
and even under the personal direction of official 
agents of the Imperial Government accredited 
to the Government of the United States. . . . 
They have played their part in serving to con- 
vince us at last that that government enter- 
tains no real friendship for us and means to act 
against our peace and security at its conven- 
ience. That it means to stir up enemies against 
us at our very doors the intercepted note to the 
German Minister at Mexico City is eloquent 
evidence. 

"We are accepting this challenge of hostile 
purpose because we know that in such a gov- 
ernment, following such methods, we can never 
have a friend; and that in the presence of its 
organized power, always lying in wait to ac- 
complish we know not what purpose, there can 
be no assured security for the democratic gov- 
ernments of the world. 

"We are now about to accept the gage of bat- 
tle with this natural foe to liberty and shall, if 
necessary, spend the whole force of the Nation 
to check and nullify the pretensions and its 
power. We are glad, now that we see the facts, 
with no veil of false pretence about them, to 
fight thus for the ultimate peace of the world 
and for the liberation of its peoples, the Ger- 
man peoples included; for the rights of nations, 
great and small, and the privilege of men every- 
where to choose their way of life and of obedi- 
ence. The world must be made safe for demo- 
cracy; its peace must be planted upon tested 
foundations of political liberty 

"To such a task we can dedicate our lives 
and our fortunes, everything that we are and 
everything that we have, with the pride of 
those who know that the day has come when 
America is privileged to spend her blood and 
her might for the principles that gave her birth 
and happiness and the peace which she has 
treasured. God helping her, she can do no 
other." 



Our War Aims 



Definite program set forth in fourteen para- 
graphs by President Wilson in his message to 
Congress January 8th, 1918: 

1. Open covenants of peace without private 
international understandings. 

2. Absolute freedom of the seas in peace or 
war except as they may be closed by interna- 
tional action. 

3. Removal of all economic barriers and es- 
tablishment of equality of trade conditions 
among nations consenting to peace and associat- 
ing themselves for its maintenance. 

4. Guarantees for the reduction of national 
armaments to the lowest point consistent with 
domestic safety. 

5. Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims 
based upon the principle that the peoples con- 
cerned have equal weight with the interest of 
the government. 

6. Evacuation of all Russian territory and 
opportunity for Russia's political development. 

7. Evacuation of Belgium without any at- 
tempt to limit her sovereignty. 

S. All French territory to be freed and re- 
stored and reparation for the taking of Alsace- 
Lorraine. 

J). Readjustment of Italy's frontiers along 
clearly recognizable lines of nationality. 

10. Freest opportunity for autonomous devel- 
opment of the peoples of Austria-Hungary. 

11. Evacuation of Roumania, Serbia, and 
Montenegro, with access to the sea for Serbia 
and international guarantees of economic and 
political independence and territorial integrity 
of the Balkan states. 

12. Secure sovereignty for Turkey's part of 
the Ottoman empire, but with other nationalities 
under Turkish rule assured security of life and 
opportunity for autonomous development, with 
the Dardanelles permanently opened to all na- 
tions. 

13. Establishment of an independent Polish 
state, including territories inhabited by indis- 
putably Polish populations, with free access to 
the sea and political and economic independence 
and territorial integrity guaranteed by interna- 
tional covenant. 

14. General association of nations under spe- 
cific covenants for mutual guaranties of political 
independence and territorial integrity to large 
and small states alike. 



THE NATIONS AT WAR 
With Dates of Their Entry 





Allies 




1. 


Serbia July 28, 


1914 


2. 


Russia* Aug. 1, 


1914 


3. 


France Aug. 3, 


1914 


4 


Great Britain 

Aug. 4, 


1914 


5. 


Belgium. .. .Aug. 4, 


1914 


6. 


Montenegro. Aug. 9, 


1914 


7. 


Japan Aug. 23, 


1914 


8. 


Italy May 23, 


1915 


9. 


San Marino. May 23, 


1915 


10. 


Portugal Mar. 9, 


1916 


11. 


Roumania. .Aug. 27, 


1916 


12. 


Greece Nov. 28, 


1916 


13. 


United States 

April 6, 


1917 


14 




1917 


15. 


Panama April 7, 


1917 


10. 


Siam July 21, 


1917 


17. 


Liberia Aug. 4, 


1917 


18. 


China Aug. 14, 


1917 


19. 


Brazil Oct. 26. 


1917 




*Withdrawn. 





The Enemy 

1. Austria-Hungary 

July, 28, 1914 

2. Germany Aug. 1, 1914 

3. Turkey Nov. 23. 1914 

4. Bulgaria.... Oct. 14, 1915 



BROKEN RELATIONS 

Adding their voices as further evidence of what the Civilized 
World thinks of German Autocracy and Kultur, the following 
nations have broken diplomatic relations with Berlin and packed 
the German representatives home, bag and baggage: 



1. Bolivia, April 14, 1917 

2. Guatemala, April 27, 1917 

3. Honduras, May 18, 1917 

4. Nicaragua. May 19, 1917 

5. Santo Domingo, June 8, 

1917 



6. Hayti, June 17, 1917 

7. Chile, June 29, 1917 

8. Costa Rica, Sept. 21. 1917 

9. Peru, Oct. 6, 1917 

10. Uruguay. Oct. 7, 1917 

11. Ecuador, Dec. 8, 1917 



THE DECLARATIONS OF WAR 

Who has declared war against whom is a com- 
plicated story, told in the following: 

Austria vs. Belgium, August 28, 1914. 

Austria vs. Japan, August 27, 1914. 

Austria vs. Montenegro, August 9, 1914. 

Austria vs. Portugal, March 15, 1916. 

Austria vs. Russia, August 6, 1914. 

Austria vs. Serbia, July 28, 1914. 

Brazil vs. Germany. October 26, 1917. 

Bulgaria vs. Roumania, September 1, 1916. 

Bulgaria vs. Serbia, October 14, 1915. 

China vs. Austria, August 14, 1917. 

China vs. Germany, August 14, 1917. 

Cuba vs. Austria, December 12, 1917. 

Cuba vs. Germany, April 7, 1917. 

France vs. Austria, August 12, 1914. 

France vs. Bulgaria, October 18, 1915. 

France vs. Germany, August 3, 1914. 

France vs. Turkey, November 5, 1914. 

Germany vs. Belgium, August 4, 1914. 

Germany vs. France, August 3, 1914. 

Germany vs. Portugal, March 9, 1916. 

Germany vs. Roumania, August 28, 1916. 

Germany vs. Russia, August 1, 1914. 

Great Britain vs. Austria, August 12, 1914. 

Great Britain vs. Bulgaria, October 16, 1915. 

Great Britain vs. Germany, August 4, 1914. 

Great Britain vs. Turkey, November 5, 1914. 

Greece (Provisional Government) vs. Bulgaria, November 28, 1916. 

Greece (Provisional Government) vs. Germany, November 28. 1916. 

Greece vs. Bulgaria, July 2, 1917. 

Greece vs. Germany, July 2, 1917. 

Italy vs. Austria, May 23, 1915. 

Italy vs. Bulgaria, October 19, 1915. 

Italy vs. Germany, August 28. 1916. 

Japan vs. Germany, August 23, 1914. 

Liberia vs. Germany, August 4, 1917. 

Montenegro vs. Austria, August 10, 1914. 

Montenegro vs. Germany, August 9, 1914. 

Panama vs. Austria, December 10. 1917. 

Panama vs. Germany, April 7, 1917. 

Roumania vs. Austria, August 27, 1916. 

Russia vs. Bulgaria, October 19, 1915. 

Russia vs. Turkey, November 3, 1914. 

Serbia vs. Germany, August 9, 1914. 

Serbia vs. Turkey, December 2, 1914. 

Siam vs. Austria, July 21, 1917. 

Siam vs. Germany, July 21, 1917. 

Turkey vs. Allies, November 23. 1914. 

Turkey vs. Roumania, August 29, 1916. 

Turkey vs. Russia,* October 29, 1914. 

United States vs. Germany, April 6, 1917. 

United States vs. Austria, December 7, 1917. 

• Began hostilities. 8 



STRENGTH OF THE OPPOSING ARMIES 

United States 1,539, 4S5 

British Empire 4,000,000 

France 4,000,000 

Russia (withdrawn) 7,000,000 

Italy 2,000,000 

Belgium 350, 000 

Serbia 300,000 

Portugal 150,000 

Montenegro 50,000 

Japan 300,000 

San Marino 1,000 

Roumania 500,000 

Greece 300,000 

Cuba 10,500 

Brazil 25,000" 

Tanama No Army 

Siam ? 

Liberia No Army 

China ? 

Total, Allies 20,525,985 



Germany 7,500,000 

Austria Hungary 3,000,000 

Turkey 1,000,000 

Bulgaria 400,000 

Total, The Enemy 11,900,000 

* Peace strength. For war, has universal service. 

Russia, of course, must be deducted, but without her men the 
Allies still have an immense preponderance while the United 
States has only begun to tap her resources. The real proportions 
of man power may be judged from the table on populations 
on page 11. 



COMMANDING GENERALS OF THE ARMIES 

United States Army General John J. Pershing 

British Army General Sir Douglas Ilaig 

French Army General Henri P. Petaln 

Belgian Army King Albert of Belgium 

Italian Army General Armando Diaz 

German, Austrian, Bulgarian 1„ ,„,, , . „, ,. ._ 

and Turkish Armies / Fleld Marshal von Hindenbur*. 



STRENGTH OF THE OPPOSING NAVIES 

As of January 1st 1917 



Country 



Battle- stroy- Torpedo Sub- All 

ships Cruisers ers Boats marines Ships f 



United Slates 

Great Britain 

France 

Italy 

Russia (withdrawn). 

•Belgium 

Serbia 

Portugal 

Montenegro 

Japan 

San Marino 

Roumania 

(a) Greece 

(a) Cuba 

Panama 

(c) Siam 

(.1) Liberia 

(a) China 



(e)3 



Germany 

Austria Hungary 

Turkey 

Bulgaria 



Total, The Enemy. 



63 



100 

No 

No 

3 

No 
52 

No 

4 
14 

•No 

No 
No 



100 
159 



Navy 

Navy 
8 

Navy 
30 

Navy 
12 
7 

Navy 
Navy 
Navy 



Total, Allies 201 279 624 



415 



47 



164 
18 63 

8 8 

No Navy 



190 



119 



(1)1 



20 

144 

20 
SO 

1 



1,863 

513 

108 

23 

644 



Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, before the ITouse Sub- 
committee on Naval Affairs, Dec. 19, 1917, stated that the United 
States Navy had in commission over 1,000 ships, while there 
were ruder construction 424 ships, not including 350 submarine 
chasers. 

(a) Latest figures available prior to January 1st, 1917. 

(h) United States had also 42 ships out of commission and 177 
under construction or authorized on January 1, 1917. 

(c) Siam had nominally 21 vessels, latest figures, of no fighting 
value. 

(d) Liberia had one armed revenue cutter, latest figures. 

(e) China had also a numher of antequated cruisers, latest 
figures. 

(f) Includes ships of all classes, including many not classified 
hurein. 

10 



POPULATIONS OF THE NATIONS AT WAR 

Estimated for January I, 1917 



The Allies 

United States and 

Possessions ... 104,000,000 


United Kingdom 
of Great Bri- 
tain 


47,000,000 


Canada 


9,000.000 


India and other 
Possessions . . . 


384,000,000 


British Empire, 
entire 


440,000,000 


France 


40,000,000 


France, Colonies 


58,400.000 


Russia (vv i t h- 
dravvn) 


175,000,000 


Italy 


36,000,000 


Japan and De- 
pendencies . . . 


72,000,000 


China 


400.000,000 




24,000,000 


Belgium 

Belgium, Colon- 


7,500,000 
15,000,000 


Portugal 

Portugal, Colon- 


6,250,000 
10,000,000 


Roumania 

Serbia 

Cuba 


7,500.000 
5,000,000 
2,500 000 


Panama 


500.000 
5.000,000 


Liberia 


2.000.000 

8.000,000 

500,000 

12.000 


Montenegro .... 
San Marina .... 



The Enemy 

Germany 68,000,000 

Germany, Colon- 



Total, Allies.. 1,85!>,162,000 



ies ... 
Austria 
Hungary 
Turkey . 
Bulgaria 



15,000,000 
29,000,000 
21,000,000 
20,000,000 
5,500.000 



Total, Enemy. 158,500,000 

Even deducting Russia the 
ratio in favor of the Allies Is 
over 10 to 1. 



AREAS OF THE NATIONS AT WAR 



The Allies 

United States and 
Possessions 


Sq. Miles 

3,748,100 


British Empire 


13,123,712 


France 


207,100 


France. Colonies. . . 


5,159,300 


Russia ( withdrawn ) 


8,770,703 


Brazil 


3,300,000 


Italy 


110,623 


Italy, Colonies 


601,200 


Belgium 


11,400 


Belgium, Colonies.. 


909,654 


Serbia 


34,000 


Portugal 


35,500 


Portugal, Colonies . 


804,000 


Montenegro 


5,800 


Japan 


140,200 


Japan, Dependen- 


95,700 


San Marino 


33 


Roumania 


52,700 


Greece 


41,933 


Cuba 


44.164 


Panama 


32,380 


Liberia 


40,000 


Siam 


195,000 




4,300,000 







Total. Allies 41,763,202 



The Enemy 

Sq. Mllea 

Germany 208,780 

Germany, Colonies. 1,134,240 

Austria 134,634 

Hungary 125,400 

Turkey 695,000 

Bulgaria 42,000 



Total, The Enemy 2,340.054 



GERMANY'S LOSSES IN THE WAR 

An estimate of Germany's losses in troops and her troops still 
available was made by the Echo de Paris in February, 1918, after 
examination of allied and German documents. The figures are as 
follows: 

Men mobilized since 1914 14,000,000 

Losses during war 4,225,000 

Dead 2,500,000 

Disabled 1,725,000 

Called, but remaining in Entente or neutral countries 500,000 

Rejected as unfit 2,500,000 

In hospitals or waiting to be examined 950,000 

Employed in military occupations 700,000 

Prisoners in other countries 570,000 

Men still available 4,805,000 

In this is not included the 1920 class, which it is estimated 
will increase the forces by 450,000 men. 

12 



THE COST OF THE WORLD WAR 

The Mechanics and Metals National Bank of New York in ita 
book "The Cost of the War," places the first three years cost 
at $97,450,000,000 and the total cost if the war continues four 
years at $155,600,000,000. The estimate follows: 

Average 
Total Net Cost Cost Per Day 

1914 (From August 1) $ 7,900.000,000 $52,700,000 

1915 26,200,000,000 71,S00,000 

1916 35,650.000,000 97,700,000 

1917 (To August 1 ) 27,700.000,000 131,000,000 

Total cost three years $97,450,000,000 

Three years average per day $ 90;000,000 

1917-1918 estimated cost August 

1. 1917, to August 1, 1918.... $58, 150,000,000 159,000,000 

Estimated cost four years $155,600,000,000 

Four years' average per day $107,000,000 

The total cost for the first three years of the war. in the 
aforementioned estimate, is apportioned as follows among the 
belligerent countries : 

1st Three Years Present 

Total to August I, 1917 Daily Cost 

United States $ 2.200,000,000 $ 29,400.000 

Great Britain 20,750,000,000 35.000,000 

France 16,600.(100.000 20,200.000 

Russia 15,000,000.000 18,000,000 

Italy 4,650.000,000 8,000,000 

Belgium, Serbia, Koumania and 

Portugal 4.750,000,000 5,000,000 

Total, Entente Allies $63,950,000,000 $115,600,000 



Germany $19,600,000,000 $ 27,200,000 

Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and 
Turkey 13,900,000,000 16,000,000 

Total, The Enemy $33,500,000,000 $43,200,000 

Grand Total $97,450,000,000 $158,800,000 

Comparative Costs 

Why is the war costing the Allies more than twice as much 
per day as Germany? The difference in cost is the difference in 
the price of victory and defeat, and Germany would gladly reverse 
the balance of cost could she reverse the reasons. One fact alone 
would explain the difference. Germany is holding the center of 
Europe. THE ALLIES ARE HOLDING THE REST OF THE 
WORLD! The Allies are patrolling the sea highways of the 
globe. Their fleets are everywhere. Germany's colonies have 
been swept away. Moreover in time .Mars the Allies have 
built up a military machine more powerful than that the Hun 
has built in a generation of scheming and hording of materials 
and armaments. And, the Allies are replacing war's destruction 
as it goes along, while Germany, like the South in the Civil War, 
is "consuming her insides". 

13 



WHAT UNCLE SAM IS READY TO SPEND 

How conservative is the preceeding estimate of the probable 
cost of the war during the year to August 1, 1918, and what Uncle 
Sam is prepared to spend should it be necessary to wage the war 
even longer to assure victory, is shown by the estimates of war and 
other government expenses laid before Congress by the Treasury 
Department on December 3, 1917, at the opening of the second 
war session. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1919, the esti- 
mate is for a total expenditure of more than $13,000,000,000, of 
which about $12,000,000,000 is for the army and navy and other 
war agencies of the government. The estimates for the various 
departments, compared with the appropriations for the fiscal year 
to June 30, 1918, follow: 

Total 
Estimates Appropriation* 

for 1919 for 1918 

Legislative $ 15,220,628 $ 15,753,378 

Executive 1,241.960 11,522,690 

State department 7,349,331 6,568,706 

Treasury department 736,621,972 7,635,827,932 

Independent offices 920.040,891 1,203,434,878 

District of Columbia 18.411.124 15,318,430 

War department (Army) 10,102,599.149 7,526,337.716 

Panama canal 23,171.624 23,593,299 

Navy department 1,047.914,027 1,596,936,455 

Interior department 211,530,122 217,574,484 

Postofflce department proper 1.825,340 1,943,260 

Postal service, payable from 

postal revenues 331,818.345 331,851,170 

Department of Agriculture 49.193.551 56.889.546 

Department of commerce 17,734.065 13.605.935 

Department of labor 7,285,551 5.452,836 

Department of justice 12,400,254 11,349,716 

Increase of compensation, all de- 
partments (estimated) 15,000,000 



Total, including the sink- 
ing fund requirement and 
postal servic* $13,504,357,939 $18,788,960,437 



Deduct sinking fund require- 
ment 153,814,000 60,748,000 



Total, exclusive of the sink- 
ing fund requirement $13,350,543,939 $18,728,212,437 



Deduct postal service, payable 
from the postal revenues 331.818.345 331.851,170 



Total, exclusive of the sink- 
ing fund requirement and 
postal service $13,018,725,594 $18,396,361,267 



What Uncle Sam Is Ready to Spend — (Continued) 

In this gigantic total the greatest sums, of course, are to pro- 
vide for the needs of the army and the navy, the principal items 
Tor which are the following: 

FOR THE ARMY 

For the signal service, which includes the army for the air, 
$1,138,240,315 is estimated. This sum includes the $640,000,000 
previously appropriated for the great air fleet. A billion dollars 
is asked for pay and miscellaneous expenses of the army; more 
than two billion dollars for the quartermaster corps, $157,000,000 
for hospitals and medicines, $135,000,000 for the equipment of 
engineer troops and $892,000,000 for the expenses of their opera- 
tions in the field. Ammunition for the great guns to blast a way 
through the German fronts is estimated to cost $390,000,000. For 
machine guns, the deadliest weapons of the war, more than $237,- 
000,000 is asked. For armored motor cars more than $75,000,000 
is estimated. 

FOR THE NAVY 

The navy's total of a little more than $1,000,000,000 is dis- 
tributed principally in this way: Pay of officers and men, $426,- 
000,000; aviation, $94,000,000; improving and equipping navy yards 
for construction of ships, $4,000,000; pay, provisions and clothing 
for the marine corps, $61,000,000; recruiting, transportation and 
outfitting recruits, $15,000,000; arming and equipping naval militia, 
$1,500,000; organizing naval reserve force, $200,000; schools and 
camps of instruction for naval reserve recruits, $2,600,000; ord- 
nance strictly in the bureau of ordnance, $26,500,000; new bat- 
teries of guns for ships, $38,000,000; ammunition for ships alone, 
$32,000,000; torpedoes and torpedo appliances, $1,000,000; exten- 
sion of the naval gun factory at Washington, $2,500,000; reserve 
supplies of ordnance, $55,000,000; for a new naval proving grounds, 
$1,000,000; for experiments, $385,000; maintenance of yards and 
docks and contingent expenses, $12,000,000; for medicine and sur- 
gery, $6,500,000; care of hospital patients alone, $4,000,000; con- 
struction and repair of ships, $60,000,000. 

FOR INSURANCE 

In the Treasury Department the growth of the war risk insur- 
ance bureau, which now includes insurance for the lives of sol- 
diers, sailors and merchant crews, as well as merchant ships, 
calls for an estimate of $4,000,000. 

15 



WHAT THE NATIONS HAVE LOANED TO 
THEIR ALLIES 

The United States, Great Britain and France are the backbone 
of the gigantic financial strength of the Allies. In the enemy 
camp Germany has been compelled to shoulder the financial bur- 
dens of her weaker accomplices. 

UNITED STATES 

Up to November, 1917, the United States Government had ad- 
vanced the following sums in loans to her allies: 

To Great Britain $1,835,000,000 

To France 860,000,000 

To Russia 325,000,000 

To Italy 255,000,000 

To Belgium 58,400,000 

To Serbia 3,000,000 

$3,336,400,000 

At the end of January, 1918, the total loans of the United 
States to all of the Allies had reached $4,247,400,000. 

In addition there were large loans floated among the banks and 
investors of this country. 

OTHER NATIONS 

For the first three years of the war the Governments of France 
and Great Britain shouldered alone the tremendous burden of 
financing their weaker sisters, Belgium. Serbia, Koumania. GreeGe, 
and. largely, Russia. With the amounts advanced to date and 
the estimated amounts for the current year these two nations will 
have advanced the following sums should the war go through the 
present fourth year to August 1, 1918: 

Great Britain $6,000,000,000 

France 1,200,000.000 

THE ENEMY 

Should the war go through its present fourth year Germany's 
advances of financial assistance to her allies. Austria-Hungary, 
Bulgaria and Turkey, will have reached approximately $3,600,- 
000.000. 

GROSS COST OF THE WAR TO THE VARIOUS 
"BANKER NATIONS" 

To the actual expenditures on waging war by each of what 
might be called the "Ranker Nations" of the two belligerent 
camps must be added, of course, these loans to their weaker allies 
if we wish to arrive at the total amount being paid out by these 
nations. These amounts, of course, are expected to return event- 
ually, but must be reckoned with in the current financing. In 
the total cost to all nations they must not be added, since they 
already figure in the amounts spent by the borrowing nation. 

Adding the loans to allies to the actual net costs of the war the 
gross expenditures of the several "Ranker Nations," should the 
war go through its present fourth year will have been: 

Net Cost Loans to Allies Gross Cost 

United States $13,000,000,000 $5,300,000,000 $18,300,000,000 

Per day 27,600,000 10,900.000 38,500,000 

Great Britain 34,000.000.000 6,000,000.000 40,000,000,000 

Per day 23,300,000 4,100,000 27,400.000 

France 23,800,000,000 1,200,000,000 25,000,000,000 

Per day 15,800,000 800,000 16,600.000 

Germany $29,500,000,000 $3,600,000,000 $33,100,000,000 

Per day IS.500,000 2,500,000 21.000,000 

16 



WHAT THE NATIONS HAVE BORROWED 

United States- 
First Liberty Loan of 1917, 3%% (ex. for 4%).$ 2.000,000,000 
Second Liberty Loan of 1917. 4% *3. 808, 766,150 

Total $ 5,808,766,150 

*(On second Loan $4,617,532,300 was subscribed.) 
Great Britain to August 1, 1917 — 

Internal Long Term Loans, 3Ms, 4%, 5% $ 9,980,000,000 

Internal Short Term Loans 3, 5, 6% 7,700,000,000 

Foreign Loans, 5, 5%%. mostly in United States 1,770,000,000 

Total $19,450,000,000 

France to August 1, 1917 — 

At home $11,450,000,000 

London, Treasury Bills 2,000,000,000 

United States 1,250,000.000 

Total, mostly 5% and 5%% $14,700,000,000 

Russia to August 1, 1917 — 

Total, mostly 5 and 5%% $11,630,000,000 

Italy to August 1, 1917 — 

Total, mostly 4y 3 and 5% $4,220,000,000 

Canada to August 1, 1917— 

Total. 5% 775,000,000 

Belgium- 
War cost defrayed mostly by Great Britain and 

France and later by United States 

Serbia — 

War cost defrayed mostly by allies 

Roumania — 
War costs financed by allies 

TOTAL, ALLIES $56,583,766,150 

Germany to August 1, 1917— \ 

Six Imperial Loans, 5% $19,000,000,000 

(Seventh being subscribed.) 
Austria-Hungary to August 1, 1917 — 

Total, 5% and 6% 9,000,000,000 

Turkey to August 1, 1917 — 

Issued number of loans taken at home and in Ger- 
many but war expenses financed largely by Ger- 
many; paper money in circulation increased 

from $40,000,000 to $350,000,000 

Bulgaria — 

Financed chiefly by Germany 

TOTAL, THE ENEMY $28,000,000,000 

GRAND TOTAL $S4,5S3,766,150 

Germany, it will be noted, has increased her permanent indebt- 
edness far more than any other belligerent. This is because, 
unlike the others, she has covered the bulk of her expenditures 
directly out of long term loans. See data of Taxation, on next 
page. 

17 



TAXATION IN THE BELLIGERENT COUNTRIES 

The relative position of the opposing forces in the financing of 
the war may be judged adequately only by taking into considera- 
tion the diametrically opposite policies of the two great groups. 
This may be summed up briefly in the statement that the Allies 
to a very great extent are making the war pay as it goes, while 
Germany is mortgaging the future by paying her war expenditures 
entirely out of long term loans. The serious effect is seen in her 
last loan, about one-half the proceeds of which was demanded to 
meet the bare interest required by the debt she had already con- 
tracted. This pyramiding obviously leads to a condition continu- 
ally growing more serious, the burden on her finances tending in- 
evitably to a ruin which may be averted by only one contingency 
— which is beyond possibility, namely, an overwhelming victory by 
which she can demand and obtain, chiefly from the United States, 
a gigantic war indemnity with which to redeem the deluge of 
paper securities with which her people are flooded today. 

Great Britain, more than any other belligerent power, has been 
paying her way as she goes, raising more than $3,500,000,000 a 
year by taxation. The present income tax ranges from slightly 
tinder 1% to as high as 41%% against a range before the war 
from 2/5 of 1% to 13%. Of all increase in profits over the period 
before the war 80% is paid over to the Government in the form of 
an excess profits tax. This tax up to 1917 was 60%. By such 
taxation the interest on the permanent debt is provided, as is also 
the sinking fund by which the debt may lie retired, while the per- 
manent debt, that is. the long term debt, has been held down, as 
already seen, to about $11,750,000,000 against Germany's $19,000.- 
000.000, despite the vastly greater expenditures Great Britain has 
met. 



UNITED STATES, THE LIBERTY TAX 

The United States has been raising less by taxation than Great 
Britain, but more than any other nation other than Great Britain 
engaged in the war. Put into tabular form the proceeds of our 
war tax for a year will be as follows: 

Excess profits $1,200,000,000 

Personal income tax 650,000,000 

Corporation income tax 500,000,000 

Alcoholic beverages 206,000.000 

Commodity taxes 60,000,000 

Dues and admissions 50,000,000 

Public utility services 170,000,000 

Munitions manufacturers 25,000,000 

Inheritance taxes 5,000,000 

Virgin Island products 20,000 

Total $2,866,020,000 

For income tax see pp. 60, 61. 

18 



NATIONAL DEBTS OF THE BELLIGERENT 
COUNTRIES 

On August 1, 1917, after three years of war, the national debts, 
war and civil, of the "Banker Nations" were: 

Total Per Capita 

United States $ 3,000,000,000 $28.80 

Great Britain 23.000.000.000 487.20 

France 21,200.000,000 530.00 

Russia 16,200.000,000 92.50 

Italy 7,000,000,000 194.50 

Total, Allies $ 70,400,000,000 $174.60 

Germany $ 24,200,000,000 $355.90 

Austria-Hungary 12.700,000,000 239.60 

Total, The Enemy $ 36,900,000,000 $305.00 

GRAND TOTAL $107,300,000,000 $205.00 



ANNUAL INTEREST CHARGE OF THE NATIONAL 
DEBTS 

As of August 1, the annual charges falling upon the several 
belligerents to meet the interest requirements of their national 
debts were: 

Average In- 
terest rate 

United States $ 85.000.000 2.8% 

Great Britain 900.000.000 3.9% 

France 940.000.000 4.4% 

Russia 825,000,000 5.1% 

Italy 250.000,000 3.6% 

Total. Allies $3,000,000,000 4.3% 

Germany $1.0X0.000.000 4.5% 

Austria-Hungary 620,000,000 5.0% 

Total, The Enemy $1,700,000,000 4.6% 

GRAND TOTAL $4,700,000,000 4.4% 

It is important to remember that the average interest rates do 
not reflect accurately the relative credits of the hostile groups, 
6ince the average for the Allies is a real basis, the borrowing being 
in the open markets of the world, while that for the Enemy is 
artificial, borrowing being among their own people by absolute 
monarchies, shut off by walls of steel and fire from the free 
financial markets. 

Here again, the Enemy's interest burden is, like his expenses, 
only about half that of the Allies. But what of the ability to 
stand it? This may be inferred from comparative wealth. 



THE WEALTH OF TKs ivatiONS 

Ability to stand the tremendous strain of the war expenditures 
and the interest on national debt which is being piled up is rela- 
tive, of course, to the national wealth which stands behind the 
spender. It is this consideration which may well have made Ger- 
many pause when President Wilson in his great message to Con- 
gress December 4, 1917, said: 



"We shall be willing to pay the full price for peace and pay it 
ungrudingly. . . . We must make every adjustment of law 
that will facilitate the full and free use of our whole capacity 
and force as a fighting unit." 



The national wealth of the countries is: 

Total Per Capita 

United States $250,000,000,000 $2,404 

Great Britain 90,000,000,000 1,915 

Canada 7,500,000,000 834 

India and other British possessions 32,500,000,000 84 

British Empire in all 130,000,000,000 300 

France 65,000,000,000 1,625 

Russia (withdrawn) GO, 000, 0,00', OOd 343 

Italy 30,000,000,000 833 

Japan 25,000,000,000 347 

China 25,000,000,000 62 

Belgium 9,000,000,000 1,200 

Portugal 3,500,000,000 560 

Roumania and Serbia 3,500,000,000 277 

Cuba and Panama 1,000,000,000 330 

Total, Allies $602,000,000,000 $ 462 

Germany $ 85,000,000,000 $1,215 

Austria-Hungary 40,000,000,000 756 

Turkey and Bulgaria 4,000,000,000 148 

Total, The Enemy $129,000,000,000 $ 872 

GRAND TOTAL $731,000,000,000 $ 505 

The combined wealth of the allied nations is almost five to one 

greater than that of the enemy nations. *Even deducting Russia 
it is over four to one. 



20 



COST OF THE WORLD'S GREAT MODERN WARS 

EXPENDITURES BY U. S. IN FORMER WARS 

War of 1812 With Great Britain, From June 18, 1812. 
to Feb. 17, 1815. 



Year 


Total* 


War 


Navy 


1812 


$20,280,000 
31,681,000 
34,720,000 
32,943,000 


$11,817,000 
19,652,000 
20,350,000 
14,794,000 


$3,959,000 


1813 


6,446 000 


1814 


7,311,000 


1815 


8,660,000 





War With Mexico, From April 24, 1846, to July 




Civil War, From 1861 to 1865 



I860.. . 
1861... 
1862... 
1863.. . 
1864... 
1865... 



$63,201,000 

66,650,000 

469.569.000 

718,733,000 

864,968,000 



$16,472,000 

23,001,000 

389,173,000 

603,314,000 

690,391,000 



295,099,000 1,030,690,000 



Spanish-American War, From April 21, 1898, to Dec. 10. 



1898. 



1,000,000,000 



*The sums of the expenditures of the Army and Navy do not 
equal the total given above. The difference was used for other 
Government expenses connected with the war. 

21 



COST OF FORMER WARS TO OTHER NATIONS 



1793-1815 

1812-1815 

1S2S 
1830-1840 
1830-1847 

1848 

1854-1856 

1859 

1864 

1866 

1864-1870 

1865-1866 

1870-1871 

1876-1877 

1900-1901 
1904-1905 



COC NTH IKS ENGAGED. 



England and France (Napoleonic 

Wars) 

France and Russia 

Russia and Turkey 

Spain and Portugal (civil war) .... 

France and Algeria 

Revolts in Europe 

[England | 

France 

Sardinia and Turkey [Crimean War 

I Austria 

{ Russia J 

France, Sardinia and Austria, 

Denmark, Prussia and Austria. . . . 

Prussia and Austria 

Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. . . 

France and Mexico 

' Germany \ Franco-Prussian 
\ France. . J War 

f Russia \Turc~-Russian 
.Turkey/ War 

Transvaal Republic and England. . . 

Russia and Japan 



$6,250 

450 

100 

250, 

190, 

50, 

371, 

332, 

128 

68 

800 

253 

36 

330 

240 

65 

r 954 

, 1,580 

806 

403 

1,000 

2,500 



000,000 
,625,000 
000,000 
000,000 
000,000 
000,000 
000,000 
000,000 
000,000 
,600,000 
000,000 
000,000 
,000,000 
,000,000 
,000,000 
,000.000 
,400,000 
,000,000 
,547,489 
,273,745 
,100,000 
000,000 



Expense of wars. 1793-1860 $ 9,243,225,000 

Expense of wars, 1861-1910 14,080,321,240 



Total $23,323,546,240 

The cost of the Balkan wars 1,264,000,000 



FOREIGN ARMIES-PAY 

Against the American soldier's pay of $30 per month, or prac- 
tically $1 per day, the pay received by privates in the armies 
of our principal allies is as follows: 

Per Day 

Canadian soldier $1.10 

British soldier 60 

French soldier 05 



RULERS OF NATIONS 



NATION 


RULER 


CAPITAL 




The Allies 






United States 


President Woodrow Wilson 


Washington 


D. C, 


Great Britain 


(King George V 

\ Premier Henry Lloyd-George 


j London 




France 


President Raymond Poincare 


Paris 




Italy 


King Victor Emmanual III 


Rome 








[Brussels (tempor- 


Belgium 


King Albert 


{ arily Le Havre, 






[ France) 




Russia 


? 


Petrograd 




Brazil 


President Wenceslao Braz 


Rio de Janeiro 


China 


Fang Kuo-Chang 


Peking 




Cuba 


President Mario Menocal 


Havana 




Greece 


/King Alexander 
\ Premier Venizelos 


'■Athens 




Japan 


Emperor Yoshihito 


Tokyo 




Liberia 


President Daniel E. Howard 


Monrovia 




Montenegro 


King Nicholas 


Cettlnje 




Panama 


President Belisario Porras 


Panama 




Portugal 


President Bernardo Machado 


Lisbon 




Roumania 


King Ferdinand 


/Bucharest 


(tem- 






\ porarily 


Jassy) 


Serbia 


King Peter 


Belgrade 




Slam 


King Vagiravudh 


Bangkok 




San Marino 


3 "Consoli" elected by 
people every six months. 

The Enemy 






Germany 


Kaiser Wilhelm II 


Berlin 




Austria-Hungary 


Emperor Charles VIII 


Vienna 




Bulgaria 


King Ferdinand 


Sofia 




Turkey 


Sultan Mehmed V 


Constantinople 



THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 
THE PRESIDENT AND HIS CABINET 



President 
Secretary of State 
Secretary of the Treasury 
Secretary of War 
Secretary of the Navy 
Secretary of Commerce 
Postmaster General 
Secretary of Labor 
Attorney General 
Secretary of the Interior 
Secretary of Agriculture 

Vice-President and Pres- 
ident of Senate Thomas Marshall 

Speaker of the House Champ Clark 

Chief Justice of Supreme 
Court Edward D. White 



Woodrow Wilson New Jersey 

Robert Lansing New York 

William G. McAdoo New York 
Newton D. Baker Ohio 

Josephus Daniels North Carolina 

William C. Redneld New York 
A. S. Burleson Texas 

William B. Wilson Pennsylvania 

Thomas Watt Gregory Texas 
Franklin K. Lane California 

DavidFranklinHouston Missouri 



Indiana 
Missouri 



GOVERNMENT WAR BOARDS. 

THE COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 

(Organized by Act of Congress Aug. 29, 1917.) 

MEMBERSHIP 

Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, Chairman. 

Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels. 

Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane. 

Secretary of Agriculture David F. Houston. 

Secretary of Commerce William C. Redfleld. 

Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson. 

Director of Council and Advisory Commission — W. S. Gifford. 

Sections and Board of the Council: 

General Munitions Board; Munitions Standards Board; Air- 
craft Production Board; Medical Section; Commercial Economy 
Board; Interdepartmental Advisory Committee; Co-operative 
Committee on Purchase of Army Supplies (U. S. Chamber of 
Commerce); Inventions (Naval Consulting Board; National Re- 
search Council; Committee on Shipping; Committee on Women's 
Defense Work; Committee on Coal Production; Section on Co- 
operation with States. 

Administrative Organization: 

Secretary of Council and of Advisory Commission — Grosvenor 
B. Clarkson. 

Advisory Commission 

Daniel Willard, Chairman. President B. & O. R. R., in charge of 
transportation and communication. 

Howard E. Coffin, Vice-President Hudson Motor Company, in 
charge of munitions, manufacturing, including standardization 
and industrial relations. 

Julius Rosenwald, President Sears, Roebuck & Co., in charge of 
supplies, including clothing. 

Bernard M. Baruci, financier, in charge of raw materials, min- 
erals and metals. 

Dr. Ilollis Godfrey, President Drexel Institute, in charge of en- 
gineering and education. 

Samuel Gompers, President American Federation of Labor, in 
charge of labor, including conservation of health and welfare of 
workers. 

Dr. Franklin Martin, Secretary-General American College of Sur- 
geons, in charge of medicine, surgery and sanitation. 

THE WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD 

Created by Council of National Defense July 30, 1917. 

Bernard M. Baruch, chairman; Lieut-Col. Palmer E. Pierce, repre- 
senting army; Rear Admiral Frank F. Fletcher, representing 
navy ; Hugh Frayne and Robert S. Brookings. 

The Board acts as a clearing house for the war industry needs of 
the government. 

24 



GOVERNMENT WAR BOARDS (CONTINUED) 

THE WEEKLY WAR CONFERENCE 

Creator! by the Council of National Defense Not. 27, 1917. 
Secretary of War Newton D. Baker. 
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels. 
Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane. 
Secretary of Agriculture David F. Houston. 
Secretary of Commerce William C. Redfleld. 
Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson. 
Secretary of the Treasury William G. McAdoo. 
Chairman of the Shipping Board Edward N. Hurley. 
Food Commissioner Herbert C. Hoover. 
Fuel Administrator Harry A. Garfield. 
Chairman of the War Industries Board 



Chairman of the Council of National Defense W. S. Gifford. 



WAR TRADE BOARD 

Created by Act of Congress approved October 6, 1917. 

Composed of representatives of Secretaries of State, Treasury, 
Agriculture and Commerce, and of the Food Administrator and 
the Shipping Board. 

Regulates exports and imports by granting or refusal of 
licenses; regulates by license the right to trade with persons 
suspected of enemy connection, etc. 

The War Trade Council, composed of the Secretaries of State, 
Treasury, Agriculture and Commerce, the Food Administrator 
and the chairman of the Shipping Board, acts as advisor to the 
War Trade Board. 



THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION 

Food Administrator, Herbert C. Hoover. 

With the help of Department of Agriculture has charge of the 
increase in food production, prevention of waste of food, intro- 
duction of new methods of economic housekeeping, control of 
prices. 



THE FUEL ADMINISTRATION 
Fuel Administrator, Dr. Harry A. Garfield. 

Has control of the distribution of fuel, especially coal, control of 
prices, adjustment of wage disputes between miners and opera- 
tors. 



THE SHIPPING BOARD 

Chairman, Edward N. Hurley: Bainbridge Colby, R. B. Stevens, 
John A. Donald and Charles R. Page. 

Has charge of encouraging, developing and creating a naval aux- 
iliary, naval reserve and a merchant marine to meet the re- 
quirements of the United States; regulating carriers by water, 
etc. Is authorized to construct, equip, purchase, lease or char- 
ter vessels suitable for use as naval auxiliaries. Is authorized 
to organize one or more corporations for purchase, operation, 
lease, charter or sale of vessels. 

Emergency Fleet Corporation — Manager. Charles Piez. 

Department of Operations — Director, Edward F. Carry. 

25 



UNITED STATES ARMY STRENGTH 

REGULAR ARMY 

As authorized on January 1, 1917, the strength of the Regular 
Army was given as: 

Officers 5,286 

Men 137,214 

The President on May 14, 1917, ordered the formation of 27 
new regiments of infantry, 6 new divisions of cavalry, 12 new 
regiments of field artillery and all organizations recruited to full 
war strength. 

Later the Regular Army gained greatly in strength on the great- 
est recruiting rush in history, as a result of the enlistment of 
men of the draft age before the bars against voluntary enlist- 
ments went up on December 15, 1917, under the new draft regu- 
lations embodied in the questionnaires. From April 1 to mid- 
December a total of about 305,000 recruits joined the Regular 
Army, which with the total in service on the former date brought 
the strength of this branch to approximately 

Officers 12,000 

Men 430,000 

NATIONAL GUARD 442,000 

On January 1, 1917, the strength of the National Guard was: 
Officers and men 132, 194 

By an order issued May 5, 1917, all states were required to re- 
cruit their guard organizations to full war strength. Figures pub- 
lished in November, 1917, gave the National Guard a strength of 
469,000 men. 

NATIONAL ARMY 

The first selective draft brought to the colors 687,000 men. 
After proper organization an additional draft will be made as the 
emergency requires and the President may designate and after 
assignments have been made to the existing organization addi- 
tional units may be organized. It is estimated roughly that the 
registration of nearly 10.000,000 men between the ages of 21 and 
30 will yield an effective fighting force of 2,000,000 men on the 
first call. 

TOTAL STRENGTH 

Secretary of War Newton D. Raker in a statement before 
the Senate committee investigating military affairs, January 10. 
191S, gave the following as the strength of the United States 
Army: April, Dec. 31, 

1917 1917 

Regular Army — Officers 5,571 10,250 

Regular Army— Men 121,797 475,000 

National Guard/— Officers 3,733 10,031 

National Guard— Men 76,713 400,900 

Reserve — Officers 84,575 

Reserve — Men 4,000 72,750 

National Army — Officers 

National Army — Men 480,000 

All Services— Officers 9,324 110,835 

All Scrvives— Men 202,510 1,428,650 



Total 211,834 1,539,485 

This is obviously only a small proportion of the effective fight- 
ing strength the United States can array against the Central Pow- 
ers should the need arise. 



THE SELECTIVE DRAFT 

According to the plan of Provost Marshal General Crowder sub- 
mitted to Congress Jan., 1918, America's war army will be sup- 
plied hereafter from Class 1 of the registered men as determined 
by the questionnaires. This class includes all under the follow- 
ing circumstances: 

MEN REACHING the age of 21 years since June 5, 1917. 

SINGLE MEN without dependent relatives. 

MARRIED MEN who have habitually failed to support their fam- 
ilies. 

MARRIED MEN who are dependent on wives for support or not 
usefully engaged. 

MARRIED MEN whose families are supported by incomes inde- 
pendent of their labor. 

UNSKILLED farm laborers. 

UNSKILLED industrial laborers. 

REGISTRANTS who fail to submit questionnaire and in respect 
of whom no deferred classification is claimed or made. 

When all questionnaires should be returned and the classifica- 
tion period ended Feb. loth. General Crowder estimated about 
1,000,000 physically and otherwise qualified registered men would 
be found in Class I. To this the extension of registration to 
men turning 21 since June 5, 1917, will add 700,000 effective 
men yearly. 



ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST DRAFT, 1917 

Total registration of men between 21 and 31 on June 5, 

1917 9,586.508 

Evaders arrested 5,870 

Evaders released after being registered 2,263 

First Draft, number examined 3,082,949 

Of those examined, number certified for military service. .1,057,363 

Of those certified, number mobilized under first call 687,000 

Of those certified, number awaiting summons to mobiliza- 
tion camps, January 1, 1918 370,363 

Of those examined, number exempted for physical reasons 730,756 

Of those examined, number claiming exemption 1,560,570 

Of those claiming exemption, 78 per cent granted, or. . .1,215,049 
Of exemptions granted, those for dependent relatives equalled 74% 

Those for alien birth and nationality 20% 

Those for industrial or vocational reasons 6% 

Total cost of first call $5,211,965.00 

Average cost per man accepted for military service $4.98 

Average cost per voluntary recruit in first nine months, 1917, $28.95 



WHERE THE UNITED STATES ARMY IS TRAINED 

PERMANENT SCHOOLS 

United States Military Academy... West Point. N. Y. 

A school fur the practical and theoretical training of officers. 

Army War College Washington, D. C. 

For instruction in the highest branches of military science 
and special work in connection with the general staff. 

Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kas. 

For instruction in duties of various staff departments. 

Coast Artillery School Fort Monroe, Va. 

Engineei School Washington Barracks, D. C. 

Cavalry and Field Artillery School. Fort Riley, Kas. 

Army Medical School Washington, D. C. 

Infantry School (School of the 1 

Line) | 

Army Signal School \ Fort Leavenworth, Kas. 

Field Engineering School I 

Field Service for Medical Officers.. 

School of Fire Field Artillery j 

S boo! of Musketry / 

f San Diego, Cal. 

Signal Corps Aviation Schools { Chicago, 111. 

Mineola, Long Island, Is. Y 
Ordinance School of Application.. Sandy Hook, N. J. 

f Washington. D. C. 

I Monterey, Cal. 
Schools for Rakers and Cooks 4 Kort Sam Houston, Tex. 

I Fort Shafter, Hawaii 

[ Fort Riley, Kas. 

RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING CAMPS 
•Allentown, Pa. 

*Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indianapolis, Ind. 
♦Fort Des Moines, Des Moines, la. 
ICamp Joseph E. Johnston, near Jacksonville, Flft. 
tFort Leavenworth, Fort Leavenworth, Kas. 

Leon Springs, Texas. 

Fort Logan II. Roots, Little Rock, Ark. 

Madison Barracks, Sackett's Harbor, N. Y. 

Fort McPherson, Atlanta, Ca. 

Fort Meyer, near Washington, D. C. 

Fort Niagara, near Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
♦Fort Oglethorpe, Chicl;aniauga, c;a. 

Plattsburg Barracks, Plattsburg, N. Y. 
♦Fort Riley, Fort Riley, Kas. 

San Francisco Presidio, San Francisco, Cal. 

Fort Sheridan, Fort Sheridan, 111. 

Fort Snelling, Minneapolis, Minn. 
fVancouver Barracks, Vancouver, 

Washington, D. C. 

•Medical also. 

t Engineers. 

t Quartermasters. 



NATIONAL GUARD MOBILIZATION CAMPS 
Camp At or Near Division States 



Greene 



Charlotte, N. C. 



Maine, New Hampshire, 
Vermont, Massachu- 
setts, Rhode Island, 
Connecticut. 



Wadsworth 


Calvert, S, C. 


27th 


New York. 


Hancock 


Wheless, Ga. 


28th 


Pennsylvania. 


McClellan 


Annicton, Ala. 


29th 


New Jersey, Virginia 
Maryland, Delaware 
District of Columbia 


Sevier 


Paris, S. C. 


30th 


Tennessee, North Caro- 
lina, South Carolina 


Wheeler 


Macon, Ga. 


31st 


Georgia, Alabama, Flor- 
ida. 


MacArthur 


Waco, Tex. 


32nd 


Michigan, Wisconsin. 


Logan 


Houston, Tex. 


33rd 


Illinois. 


Cody 


Demlng, N. M. 


34th 


Minnesota, Iowa, Neb- 
raska, North Dakota, 
South Dakota. 



Doniphan Fort Sill, Okla. 

Bowie Fort Worth, Tex. 

Sheridan Vandiver Park, Ala. 

Shelby Hattiesburg, Miss. 

Beauregard Alexandria, La. 

Kearney San Diego, Cal. 

Fremont Palo Alto, Cal. 

Mills Mlneola. L. I., N. Y. 



35th Missouri, Kansas. 

36th Texas, Oklahoma. 

37th Ohio, West Virginia. 

38th Indiana, Kentucky. 

39th Louisiana, Mississippi, 
Arkansas. 

40th California, Nevada, 
Utah, Colorado. Ari- 
zona, New Mexico. 

41st Washington, Oregon, 
Montana, Idaho, Wy- 
oming. 

42nd (Rainbow) Division, now 
in France. Units 
from Ala., Cal., Colo., 
D. C. Ga., 111., Ind., 
la., Kas., La., Mich., 
Md.. Mo., Minn., 
N. Y., N. C, S. C, 
N. J.. Neb., O., Okla., 
Ore., Pa.. Tex., Tenn., 
Va.. Wis. 



Camf 



NATIONAL ARMY CANTONMENTS 
At or Near Division Troops at Station 



Devena 

Upton 

Dlx 

Mead 

Lee 

Jackson 

Gordon 

Sherman 
Taylor 

Custer 

Grant 

Pike 

Dodge 

Funston 

Travis 

Lewis 



Fltchburg, Mass. 76th 

Yaphank, Long Island 77th 
Wrightstown, N. J. 78th 
Baltimore, Md. 79th 



Petersburg, Va. 

Columbia, S. C. 

Chamblee, Ca. 

Chillicothe, o. 
Dumcsnll, Ky. 



Maine, New Hampshire 
Vermont, Massachu- 
setts, Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, part New 
York. 

Metropolitan portion of 
New York City. 

New York State, Nor- 
thern Pennsylvania. 

Southern Pennsylvania 
Maryland, District of 
Columbia. 



80th 
81st 
82nd 

83rd 

84th 



New Jersey, 
Delaware. 



Virginia 



Battle Creek, Mich. 85th 

Rockford. 111. 86th 

Little Rock, Ark. 87th 

Des Moines, la. 88th 

Fort Riley, Kas. 89th 

San Antonio, Tex. 90th 

American Lake, Wash. 91st 



Tennessee, North Caro- 
lina, South Carolina. 



Georgia, Alabama, Flor- 
ida. 



Ohio, West Virginia. 



Indiana. Kentucky, part 
Illinois. 

Michigan, part Wiscon- 
sin. 

Part Illinois, part Wis- 
consin. 

Arkansas, Louisiana, 
Mississippi. 

Minnesota, Iowa, Neb- 
raska, North Dakota, 
South Dakota, part 
Illinois. 

Kansas, Missouri, Colo 
rado. 

Texas, Arizona, Okla- 
homa, New Mexico. 

Washington, Oregon, 
California, Nevada, 
Utah, Idaho, Mon- 
tana, Wyoming, 
Alaska. 



AVIATION TRAINING STATIONS 



Site 



Nj 



San Diego, Cal Rockwell Field. 

Miueola, Long Island Hazelhurst Field. 

Hampton, Va Camp Langley. 

Dayton, O Camp Wright. 

Mt. Clemens, Mich Selfridge Field. 

Rantoul, 111 Chanute Field. 

Belleville, 111 Scott Field. 

San Antonio, Tex Kelly Field. 

Omaha, Neb Fort Omaha (Army Ballon 

School). 

Fort Sill, Okla Post Field 

Dallas, Texas Love Field. 

Essington, Pa Chandler Field. 

Fairfield, Ohio Wilbur Wright Field. 

Fort Worth, Texas Taliaferro Field, Jarvis Field, 

Edwards Field. 

Houston, Texas Ellington Field. 

Lake Charles, La Gerslner Field. 

Memphis, Tenn Park Field. 

Pensacola, Fla ..Aviation Field. 

Waco, Texas Rich Field. 

Wichita Falls, Tex Call Field. 



UNITED STATES ARMY 

DIVISIONAL, BRIGADE AND REGIMENTAL DESIGNATIONS 

By an order issued from the War Department July 18, 1917 
the United States Army was divided into three parts, namely 
the Regular Army, the National Guard and the National Army 
The Divisions, Brigades and Regiments in these three groups were 
given numbers in separate series the limits of which are as 
follows : 

DIVISIONS 

Regulary Army, Number 1 to Number 25. 
National Guard, Number 26 to Number 75. 
National Army, Number 76 upward. 

BRIGADES 

Regular Army, Number 1 to Number 50. 
National Guard, Number 51 to Number 150. 
National Army, Number 151 upward. 

REGIMENTS 

Regular Army, Number 1 to Number 100. 

National Guard, Number 101 to Number 300. 

National Army, Number 301 upward. 

By the numerical designation of any Division, Brigade or 
Regiment therefore one may know at once whether the force is 
composed of soldiers of the Regular Army, National Guard or 
the National Army. 

31 



UNITED STATES ARMY 
ORGANIZATION 

Commander-in-Chief: The President of the United States 

ADMINISTRATION 

General Staff Corps 
Commander: The Chief of Staff 
Prepares all plans for National Defense and mobilization and 
has general supervision of all matters affecting efficiency. 

By a reorganization announced February 11, 1918, five new 
divisions of the General Staff were created: 1 — Executive Di- 
vision; 2— War Plans Division; 3 — Army Operations Division; 
4 — Purchase and Supply Division; 5 — Storage and Supply Di- 
vision. 

Adjutant General's Department 
Commander: The Adjutant General 
Has charge of all records, correspondence, issuance of orders, 
notices, bulletins, etc. 

Inspector General's Department 
Commander: The Inspector General 
Has general supervision over all matters relating to army effi- 
ciency, conduct, discipline, condition of uniforms, equipment and 
supplies and expenditures of public money. 

Judge Advocate's Department 
Commander: The Judge Advocate General 
Has custody of legal records and conducts courts-martial, 
courts of inquiry and military commissions. 
Ordnance Department 
Commander: The Chief of Ordnance 
Supplies all arms and equipment and maintains arsenals and 
depots for manufacture, distribution and keeping of military 
stores. 

Business Divisions of Ordnance Department 

The Ordnance Department was reorganized on January 2, 1918 
for greater efficiency in the business divisions. The chief of ord 
nance is now assisted by an extensive administrative and advisory 
staff. The principal business functions of the department, as dis- 
tinct from technical designing and other scientific work, are to be 
carried on by four operating divisions: 

1. PROCUREMENT DIVISION: 

Negotiates all orders and contracts for artillery, small arms, 
ammunition, etc. 

2. PRODUCTION DIVISION: 

Has general charge of production, following up, supervising and 
stimulating production of all articles contracted for by Procure 
ment Division. 

3. INSPECTION DECISION: 

Inspects and accepts or rejects all munitions contracted for by 
Procurement Division. 

4. SUPPLY DIVISION: 

Receives and distributes all ordnances and stores, operates all 
store houses and has charge of transportation. 



UNITED STATES ARMY 
ORGANIZATION 

ADMINISTRATION— (Continued) 



Quartermaster Corps 
Commander: The Quartermaster General 
Has charge of all supplies (except ordnance), transportation, 
payment of troops and distribution of funds. 
Engineer Corps 
Commander: The Chief of Engineers 
Has charge of construction and maintenance of fortifications, 
military posts, lines of communication and rivers and harbors so 
far as necessary for military or naval purposes. 
Coast Artillery Corps 
Commander: The Chief of Coast Artillery 
Has charge of garrisoning all coast fortifications and coast and 
harbor defense and siege work. 

Signal Corps 
Commander: The Chief Signal Officer 
Has charge of all methods of communication by balloons, air- 
planes, wireless, telephones and visual signaling. 
Medical Department 
Commander: The Surgeon General 
Subdivided into (1) Medical Corps, for care of sick and wound- 
ed, supervision of physical and sanitary condition of Army, its 
detachments when serving with troops known as Sanitary Troops, 
and (2) Dental Corps, in charge of the Army's teeth. 
Bureau of Insular Affairs 
Commander: The Chief of Insular Affairs 
Has charge of all questions of a military nature and of sup- 
plies that affect the insular possessions of the United States. 
Bureau of Militia Affairs 
Commander: The Chief of Militia Affairs 
Has charge of all matters pertaining to the National Guard. 



THE FIGHTING FORCES 

Army 
Commander: Rank determined by President with Approval of 
Congress 
Composed of 1 Army Headquarters; 3 or more Army Corps; 
Army Troops. 



Army Corps 
Commander: General or Lieutenant-General 
Composed of 1 Army Corps Headquarters; 3 Infantry Divisions; 
Army Corps Troops. 



Infantry Division 
Commander: Major-General 
Composed of 1 Division Headquarters; 1 Machine Gun Bat- 
talion of 4 Companies; 2 Infantry Brigades of 2 Regiments and 
1 Machine Gun Battalion (3 Companies) each; 1 Field Artillery 
Brigade of 3 Regiments and 1 Trench Mortar Battery; 1 Engi- 
neer Regiment; 1 Field Signal Batallion; 1 Train Headquarters 
and Military Police; 1 Ammunition Train; 1 Supply Train; 1 
Engineer Train (less Pontoon and Searchlight Sections) ; 1 Sani- 
tary Train of 4 Field Hospital Companies and 4 Ambulance Com- 
panies. 



UNITED STATES ARMY 
ORGANIZATION 

THE FIGHTING FORCES— (Continued) 



Infantry Brigade 
Commander: Brigadier-General 
Composed of 2 Regiments; 1 Machine Gun Battalion of 3 
Companies. 

Field Artillery Brigade 
Commander: Brigadier-General 
Composed of 3 Regiments; 1 Trench Mortar Battery. 



Regiment. Infantry 

Commander: Colonel 

Composed of 3 Battalions, 1 Headquarters Company. 1 Supply 

Company, 1 Machine Gun Company, 1 Detachment Medical Corps. 

Regiment, Cavalry* 

Commander: Colonel 

, Composed of 3 Squadrons, instead of Battalions, and rest same 

as Infantry. 

Regiment, Field Artillery 
Commander: Colonel 
Composed of 3 Battalions and rest same as Infantry without 
Machine Gun Company. 



Battalion, Infantry 
Commander: Major 

Composed of 4 Line Companies. 

Squadron, Cavalry* 
Commander : Major 

Composed of 4 Line Troops. 

Battalion, Field Artillery 
Commander : Major 

Composed of 4 Batteries. 



Line Company, Infantry, Troop, Cavalry*, Battery, Field Artillery 
Commander: Captain 
Composed of 6 Platoons. 



Platoon 
Commander: First Lieutenant. Second Lieutenant or Sergeant 
Composed of 3 or more Squads. 



Squad 
Commander : Corporal 
Composed of corporal and 7 privates. 



* No Cavalry in revised Army organization. 



ARMY UNITS— NUMBERS OF MEN 

REGIMENT 

At full war strength the number of officers and men can not 
he given. The normal strength is: 

Cavalry 1,579 Mountain Artillery 1,081 

Infantry 2,058 Heavy Artillery 1.222 

Light Artillery 1,337 Engineers 1,098 

Horse Artillery 1,176 

INFANTRY BRIGADE 
Officers 228 to 232 Men 4,918 10 7,984 

31 



UNITED STATES ARMY 



INFANTRY DIVISION 

The War Department of the United States on August 4, 1917, 
Issued regulations reducing the number of men in a division of 
infantry to conform with the organization found more effective in 
the French and British armies in actual modern warfare on the 
western front. Under the old regulations a division of infantry 
was composed of 3 brigades of infantry, 1 brigade of field artil- 
lery, 1 regiment of cavalry, 1 regiment of engineers, 1 battalion 
signal corps, 1 headquarters troop of cavalry, 2 companies of mili- 
tary police, 4 ambulance companies, 2 field hospitals, 1 supply 
train and 1 ammunition train. The principal change was a re- 
duction to 2 brigades of infantry, instead of 3, while there were 
added 1 division machine gun battalion and 2 field hospitals. 
As at present organized one division eauals 27.152 men. It ia 
approximately the same in the British and French annus. 
GERMANY AND HER ALLIES 

It is almost impossible to state just how many men now com- 
prise an infantry division in the German army, so often has the 
organization been shifted. Originally a division in the German 
army comprised 20,000 men. Today it equals 8,000 to 9,000 men. 



Field Artillery: ARMAMENT 

Light Artillery: Armed with 3.2 inch guns drawn by six 
horses. In France will use the famous French "75." 

Horse Artillery: Armed With 3.2 inch gun as Light Artillery. 

Heavy Artillery: Armed with 4.7 inch guns of the howitzer 
or siege type drawn by eight horses. In France will use 
the modern heavy guns developed since the war began. 

Mountain Artillery: Armed with small field guns, field howit- 
zers or machine guns carried on pack animals. 

Machine Guns: Several varieties in use the best known be- 
ing the Lewis, Benet-Mercier, Colt, Hotchkiss and Chau- 
chat. The United States has officially adopted the 
Browning, a new type. 
Coast Defense Artillery: 

Varies greatly in armament, the guns ranging in size of 
caliber from 16 inches to the smallest machine gun. 
Also protects harbors and channels by the planting and 
care of mines, submarine nets and other means of harbor 
and channel defense. 
Rifle: 

Springfield: All branches of the service are armed with the 
rifle known as the Springfield, named after the Arsenal 
where they are manufactured. These have a caliber of 
.30 inch and a length of 3.6 feet without bayonet. With 
bayonet the length is 4.9 feet. The weight is 8.6 pounds. 
The magazine holds 5 cartridges. 

Enfield: The capacity of the Government Arsenal being 
completely overtaxed by the sudden raising of so great 
an army, it was derided, to provide the proper small 
arms, to secure a certain number of the Enfield Uitles 
used by the British Army for the immediate equipping 
of extra troops. These are so modified as to permit the 
use of American ammunition. 
Pistol : 

All officers are armed with Colt's Automatic Pistols caliber 
.45 carrying 10 cartridges in the magazine. 

Enlisted men are being armed gradually with Automatics. 
Some branches of the service still carry Colt's Revolvers, 
caliber .38 or .45, carrying 5 cartridges in the magazine. 



RIFLES USED BY THE ARMIES 

Country Rifle Country Rifle 

United States — SpfingneJd, Portugal— Mauser Verguerro 

Enfield Roumania — Mannlicner 

Great Britain— Lee-Enfield Russia— Three Line 

France — Lebel Serbia— Mauser 

Italy— Mannlicner Austria-Hungary— Mannlicner 

Belgium— Mauser Bulgaria— Mannlicner 

Japan — Ariska Mauser Germany— Mauser 

Montenegro — Russian Three Turkey — Mauser 
Line 



UNITED STATES ARMY 

COLORS DENOTING BRANCHES OF THE SERVICE 

Hat Cords, Officers 

General, Lieutenant-General, Major-General, Brigadier-General 
Gold 

All Other Officers Woven Black and Gold 

West Point Staff Woven Green and White 

Hat Cords, Enlisted Men 
Branch Color 

Cavalry Yellow 

Infantry Light Blue 

Artillery Red 

Engineers Woven Red and White 

Quartermaster's Corps Buff 

Signal Corps Woven Orange and White 

( Woven Orange and White 01 

Aviation "I White Band on Cap for Stu- 

[ dent Officers. 

Ordnance Woven Scarlet and Black 

Medical Department Woven Maroon and White 

Service Schools Green 

Dress Shoulder Straps, Facings, Etc. 
Branch Color 

General Officers Dark Blue 

Adjutant General's Department. .Dark Blue 
Inspector General's Department. . Dark Blue 

Judge Advocate's Department Dark Blue 

Cavalry Yellow 

Infantry Light Blue 

Artillery Red 

Engineers Red and White 

Quartermaster's Corps .Buff 

Signal Corps and Aviation Orange and White 

Ordnance Scarlet and Black 

Medical Department Maroon and White 

Service Schools Green 

West Point Staff Green and White 

Overcoat Sleeve Braiding 
Strands in C'loverleaf Design 
1 Strand. Brown Second Lieutenant 

1 Strand, Black First Lieutenant 

2 Strands, Black Captain 

3 Strands, Black Major 

4 Strands, Black Lieutenant-Colonel 

5 Strands, Black Colonel 

Straight Bands 
1% Bands, Black Brigadier-, Major- or Lieu- 
tenant-General or General 
For Army Insignia, see page 85. 
36 



UNITED STATES ARMY— PAY 

Rank Monthly 

General As the President, with approval of Congress, decides 

Lieutenant-General $916.87 

Major-General .' 666.67 

Brigadier -General 500.00 

Colonel 333.33 

Lieutenant- Colonel 291.67 

Major 250.00 

Captain 200.00 

First Lieutenant 166.67 

Second Lieutenant 141.67 

Master Signal Electrician; Master Electrician and Band 

Leader 75.00 

Regimental Sergeant -Major ; Regimental Supply Sergeant; 
Electrician Sergeant, first class; Signal Sergeant, first 
class, Post Ordnance Sergeant; Sergeant Quartermaster 
Corps; Battalion Sergeant-Major of Engineers; First Ser- 
geant 45.00 

Battalion and Squadron Sergeant-Major; Master Gunner; 

Assistant Band Leader 40.00 

Electrician Sergeant, second class; Sergeant of Engineers, 
Ordnance, Signal Corps and Band; Color Sergeant; Drum 

Major 36.00 

Sergeant of Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, or Hospital Corps; 
Supply Sergeant; Mess Sergeant; Radio Sergeant; Ser- 
geant Bugler; Stable Sergeant; Fireman; Corporal; 

Cook ; Horseshoer 30.00 

Corporals of Engineers, Ordnance, Signal Corps or Hospital 

Corps; Mechanics in Coast Artillery; Privates in Band.. 24.00 
Corporals of Infantry, Cavalry and Artillery; Mechanic, 

Farrier, Saddler 21.00 

First Class Private 1800 

Privates, Hospital Corps 16.00 

Privates 1500 

Additional Pay 

Officers below the rank of Brigadier-General are allowed 10% 
additional for each term of 5 years' service, known as longevity 
pay. This may not amount to more than 40%. Officers receive 
10% additional for service outside the United States. When on 
aviation duty they receive from 25 to 75% additional. 

Enlisted men receive additional compensation on re-enlistments 
and for merit, efficient marksmanship or special duty. When 
detailed on aviation, 50% addition. Beginning June 1, 1917. 
and until the end of the present war the pay of enlisted men on 
active service was increased as follows: 

Men receiving not over $21.00 per month $15.00 monthly additional 
Men receiving $24.00 to 30.00 per month 12.00 monthly additional 
Men receiving 30.00 to 40.00 per month 8.00 monthly additional 
Men receiving over 40.00 per month 6.00 monthly additional 

Privates receive 20% of the original pay additional to the 
above for service outside of the United States. 



UNITED STATES ARMY AND NAVY SALUTES 

Salutes are rendered by individuals in recognition of superior 
authority or by cannon of a proscribed number for the honoring- 
of the saluted person. 

By Individuals 

Salutes by an individual unarmed are made with the right 
hand. By an individual armed or by a body of troops armed 
they are made according to the regulations proscribed for the 
weapon carried. 

By Cannon 

Person Saluted Number of Guns 



National Salute \ 

The President of the United States /' 



.21 



The Vice President 1 

Foreign Ambassadors i 19 

Members of the Cabinet J 

Governors of States or Territories ] 

Chief Justice of the United States | 

Speaker of the House of Representatives .... } 17 

General I 

Admiral J 

Assistant Secretaries of War and Navy } 

Foreign Envoy and Ministers i 15 

Lieutenant General or Vice Admiral j 

Ministers accredited to the United States.... 1 

Major General or Rear Admiral 13 

Charge d' Affairs 

Brigadier General 11 

On July 4 is fired a salute of one gun for each state in the 
Union. 



RELATIVE RANKS OF ARMY AND NAVY OFFICERS 

Army Corresponding Rank in Navy 

General Admiral 

Lieutenant-General Vice-Admiral 

Major-General Rear Admiral 

Brigadier-General Commodore, formerly, now abol- 
ished 

Colonel Captain 

Lieutenant- Colonel Commander 

Major Lieutenant-Commander 

Captain Lieutenant 

First Lieutenant Lieutenant (Junior Grade) 

Second Lieutenant Ensign 

Cadet Midshipman 



GENERAL ORDERS FOR THE GUARD 

1. To take charge of this post and all Government 
property in view. 

2. To walk my post in a military manner keeping 
always on the alert and observing everything that 
takes place within sight or hearing. 

3. To report all violations of orders 1 am instructed 
to enforce. 

4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant from 
the guard house than my own. 

5. To quit my post only when properly relieved. 

6. To receive, obey, and pass on to the sentinel who 
relieves me, all orders from the commanding of- 
ficer, officer of the day, and officers and non- 
commissioned officers of the guard only. 

7. To talk to no one except in line of duty. 

8. In case of fire or disorder to give the alarm. 

9. To allow no one to commit a nuisance on or near 
my post. 

10. In any case not covered by instructions to call 
the corporal of the guard. 

11. To salute all officers, and all colors and standards 
not cased. 

12. To be especially watchful at night, and during the 
time for challenging to challenge all persons on 
or near my post and to allow no one to pass 
without proper authority. 



FOREIGN MONEY, VALUES IN U. S. CURRENCY 

Approximate Value 

Austria 

1 Heller 1/5 cent 

1 Krone= 100 Heller 19 cent* 

Belgium 

1 Centime 1/5 cent 

1 Franc = 100 centimes 19 cents 

England 

1 Farthing % cent 

1 Halfpenny 1 cent 

1 Fenny 2 cents 

1 Shilling=12 pence 24 cents 

1 Pound or sovereign=20 shillings $4.87 

France 

1 Centime 1/5 cent 

1 Franc = 100 centimes 19 cents 

Germany 

1 Pfennig % cent 

1 Mark= 100 pfennig 24 cents 

Italy 

1 Centisimi 1/5 cent 

1 Lira= 100 centesimi 19 cents 

Russia 

1 Kopeok % cent 

1 Ruble= 100 kopecks 51 cent* 



UNITED STATES NAVY 

STRENGTH OF PERSONNEL 

Regular Navy 

The strength of the United States Navy on January 1, 1917, 
was 58.309 officers and men. On May 8, 1917. the President was 
authorized to raise this to the full war strength, 150,000 officers 
and men. The number required will rise further by the acqui- 
sition of additional vessels. 

Naval Militia 

Consists of the regular militia of the several states, organized, 
armed and equipped for the corresponding branches of the service 
in the Regular Navy. Twenty-four states and territories maintain 
a Naval Militia, the total strength of which on January 1, 1917, 
was 8,517 officers and men. All of the states were ordered in 
April to recruit the organizations to full war strength, bringing 
the personnel to 24,700 officers and men. 

Total Strength 

Officers and Men 

Regular Navy 150,000 

Naval Militia 24,700 

Total 174,700 



United States Marine Corps 

An independent branch of the military service. Although it 
is under the direction of the Navy Department it may be detailed 
by order of the President for service with the Army. Its duties 
are to garrison Navy Yards and Naval Stations and defenses 
erected for their protection. It also furnishes to all battleships, 
cruisers and other vessels, when necessary, a detachment for 
guard duty and also to assist in manning the ship's guns. A 
mobile force is kept in readiness at the Marine Barracks as the 
first line for foreign service as occasion may demand. It is 
commanded by a Major General. 



Strength of Personnel 

The Marine Corps on January 1, 1917, had a personnel of 
15,627 officers and men. The President on May 8, 1917, was 
authorized to increase this number to the full war strength of 
30,000 officers and men. 

40 



UNITED STATES NAVY CREWS 

The following figures can be only averages, the number of men 
composing officers and crews varying so with the great diversity 
in size, armament and duty of the vessels that it is impossible 
to give exact complements. The same vessel may vary at different 
times as it is assigned to different duties. 

Class of Ship Crew 

Superdreadnaught Battleships 110 Officers 

940 Men 
75 Marines 

Total 1.125 

Dreadnaught Battleships 95 Officers 

790 Men 
64 Marines 

Total 949 

Battleships 75 Officers 

730 Men 
50 Marines 

Total 855 

Armored Cruisers, Cruisers 80 Officers 

810 Men 
Marines according to duty assigned 

Total • 890 

Destroyers 14 Officers 

90 Men 

Total 104 

Complement of Naval Organization 

Fleet: Theoretically, two or more squadrons. 

Squadron: Eight vessels (the tactical unit). 

Division: Usually four vessels. 

Commands of Naval Officers 

The Admiral of the Navy may command a fleet, or perform 
such other duty as may be assigned to him by the Navy Depart- 
ment. 

A Rear Admiral may command a fleet, a squadron, a division, 
or a naval station. 

A Captain may command a division or a squadron, be chief of 
staff to a flag officer, command a naval station, a battleship, an 
armored cruiser, or a ship not rated. 

A commander may command a division of a squadron, a naval 
station, a battleship, a protected cruiser of the first rate, a ship 
of the second or third rate, a torpedo destroyer flotilla, or a ship 
not rated: may be chief of staff to a flag officer; be assigned to 
duty as fleet engineer; and may serve as executive officer of a 
battleship or armored cruiser. 

A lieutenant-commander may command a ship of the third or 
fourth rate, a torpedo boat destroyer flotilla, a torpedo boat 
flotilla, a torpedo destroyer, or a ship not rated, and may in a 
ship commanded by an officer of superior grade serve as executive 
officer, or navigator, or ordnance officer, or senior engineer officer. 

A lieutenant may command a ship of the fourth rate, a torpedo 
boat destroyer flotilla, a torpedo boat flotilla, a torpedo destroyer 
torpedo boat, tug tender, or ship not rated. 

A lieutenant (junior grade) or an ensign may command a tor- 
pedo boat, tug, tender or ship not rated. 

A midshipman shall perform such duty afloat as may be as- 
signed him, including watch and divisions duty (deck or engine 
room), but shall not be detailed for duty on the personal staff 
of a flag officer, or as aid to the captain of a ship. 
41 



UNITED STATES NAVY— PAY 
Rank Pay Monthly 

Admiral $1,125.00 

Vice-Admiral 750.00 

Eear-Admiral 666.67 

Captain 333.33 

Commander 283.33 

Lieutenant-Commander . . . 250.00 

Lieutenant 200.00 

Ensign 141.67 

Midshipman 50.00 

Boatswains; Gunners; Sailmakers; Pharmacists; Machin- 
ists; Pay Clerks $125.00 to 187.50 

Mates 93.00 to 125.00 

Chief Machinist Mate; Chief Commissary Sergeant 70.00 

Chief Master- at- Arms; Boilermaker 65.00 

Chief Electrician; Chief Yeoman; Hospital Stewards... 60.00 
Ship Cooks, first class; Machinists; Mates, first class. 

Coppersmiths 55.00 

Bandmaster 52.00 

Chief Boatswain's Mate; Chief Turret Captain; Chief 
Gunner's Mate; Chief Carpenter's Mate; Chief Water 
Tender; Turret Captain; First Class Electrician; First 

Class Blacksmith 50. 00 

Plumbers and Fitters; Bakers, first class 45.00 

Master-at-Arms, first class; Boatswain's Mate, first 
class; Gunner's Mate, second class; Quartermaster, 
first class; Sailmaker's Mates; Carpenter's Mates, first 
class; Painters, first class; Yeomen, first class; Ma- 
chinist's Mate, second class; Electrician, second class; 

Shipfitters; Ship Cooks, second class 40.00 

Oilers 37.00 

First Musicians 36. 00 

Master-at-Arms, second class; Boatswain's Mate, second 
class ; Gunner's Mate, second class ; Quartermaster, 
second class; Fireman, first class; Baker, second class; 
Carpenter's Mate, second class; Painter, second class; 

Yeoman, second class; Baker, second class 35.00 

Musicians, first class 32.00 

Master-at-Arms, third class; Coxswain; Gunner's Mate, 
third class; Quartermaster, third class; Electrician, 
third class; Carpenter, third class; Painters, third 
class; Yeomen, third class; Hospital apprentice, first 
class; Fireman, second class; Musician, second class; 

Bugler ; Ship Cook, third class 30.00 

Seaman Gunners 26 00 

Ship Cooks, fourth class 25.00 

Seaman 24.00 

Coal Passers 22.00 

Hospital Apprentices 20.09 

Ordinary Seaman 19.00 

Apprentice Seamen ; Landsmen 16.00 

Additional Pay 

Officers receive 10% additional for each 5 years' service, known 
as longevity pay, not to exceed 40%. On sea duty and outside 
the United States, 10% additional. 

12 



INSURANCE FOR SOLDIERS, SAILORS AND NURSES 

A Bureau of War Risk Insurance was provided in the law 
approved October 6, 1917, with supervision over a new system of 
insurance for the "greater protection" of our soldiers, sailors, 
nurses, officers and their dependents. There are two classes of 
benefits: (1) Compensation for death or disability without pay- 
ment of premiums, and (2) Benefits in the form of insurance 
upon payment of premiums. The entire army and navy, includ- 
ing coast guard, naval reserves, national naval volunteers, nurses, 
etc., are eligible. Privates and officers and their dependents 
are upon the same footing. 

Under the second class insurance is provided against death or 
total permanent disability for an amount in any multiple of 
$500 but not less than $1,000 or more than $10,000. Medical 
examination is not required. Insurance must be applied for 
within 120 days after enlistment or entrance into active service. 

The insurance is payable only to a wife or husband, child, 
grandchild, parent (father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, 
stepfather or stepmother), brother, sister, or, during total and 
permanent disability, to the injured person himself. The insur- 
ance is limited to 240 equal installments. During the war it is 
term insurance for successive terms of one year each. Not later 
than 5 years after the war the term insurance shall be converted 
without medical examination into any form of insurance requested 
by the insured, as ordinary life, 20 payment life, endownment, etc. 

The Treasury Department on October 14, 1917, issued a table 
of monthly premiums for various ages, in part as follows: 

Age $1,000 $5,000 $10,000 

16 $0.63 $3.15 $6.30 

21 65 3.25 6.50 

22 65 3.25 6.50 

23 65 3.25 -6.50 

24 66 3.30 6.60 

25 66 3.30 6 60 

26 67 3.35 6.70 

27 67 3.35 6.70 

28 68 3.40 6.80 

29 69 3.45 6.90 

30 69 3.45 6.90 

31 70 3.50 7.00 

40 81 4.05 8.10 

50 1.14 5.70 11.40 

Compensation for Death or Disability 

Under the first class is made compensation for death or dis- 
ability resulting from personal injury suffered or disease con- 
tracted in the line or duty. Such compensation is to be paid 
monthly in amounts depending upon the family (widow and child 
or children), or dependents (widowed mother), that are left by 
the one deceased or disabled. This compensation is without 
the payment of premiums and is a substitute for existing pension 
laws. 

43 



Insurance for Soldiers, Sailors and Nurses — (Cont'd) 

Allotments of Pay 
By Officers 
An officer may transfer his entire monthly pay account, when 
due, to his family, dependents or anyone whom he may designate, 
or he may direct that it be deposited in any bank by the quarter- 
master who pays the account. 

By Enlisted Men 

Under the new law of October 6, 1917, there are two kinds of 
pay allotments for enlisted men: 

(1) Compulsory: The new law makes compulsory allotments 
of pay to a wife; to a former wife divorced but not remarried 
and to whom alimony has been decreed ; to a child, or children. 
The monthly amount shall not be less than $15 nor more than 
one-half the man's pay. If one-half the man's pay is not 
allotted the unallotted portion of such one-half shall be deposited 
to the man's credit to be held during the period of his service, 
bearing 4% interest per annum. Principal and interests shall be 
paid to the enlisted man, if living, if not, to his beneficiaries or 
heirs. 

(2) Voluntary: The enlisted man may also allot any portion 
of his monthly pay after compulsory allotment or prior claims, 
for such purposes or persons as he may direct. 

Family Allowances 
Under the new law there is provided also a family allowance 
in addition not exceeding $50 i>er month, TO BE GRANTED 
AND PAID BY THE UNITED STATES, upon written applica- 
tion to the Bureau of War Risk Insurance, by any enlisted man 
or by or on behalf of any prospective beneficiary. This allowance 
does Tiot apply to commissioned officers. 

The family allowances monthly are: 
Class A: In case of a man to his wife (including divorced) 
and to child or children: 

a- Wife but no child $15.00 

b — Wife and one child 25.00 

c — Wife and two children 32.50 

($5 per month additional for each additional child) 

d — No wife and one child 5. 00 

e — No wife and two children 12.50 

f — No wife and three children 20.00 

g — No wife and four children 30.00 

($5 per month additional for each additional child) 
Class B: In case of a man or woman to grandchild, parent, 
brotber or sister: 

a — One parent $10.00 

b— Two parents 20.00 

c — Each grandchild, brother, sister, and additional parent 5.00 
In the case of a woman to a child or children: 

d— One child $ 5.00 

e — Two children 12.50 

f— Three children 20.00 

g— Four children 30.00 

($5 per month additional for each additional child) 
These family allowances are granted only so long as the en- 
listed man or woman makes compulsory or voluntary allotments of 
pay to the dependent. 

44 



AVIATION 

No service in the army presents more romance and fascination 
than that of aviation. The skilled aviator today in war service 
must be able to take photographs of the country, fight his adver- 
sary with a machine gun, drop bombs, send wireless reports back 
to his base, dodge shrapnel, and he must do this in all kinds of 
weather, meanwhile manipulating his machine. 

No invention of modern ages has played a more vital part in 
shaping the course and methods of the World War than America's 
achievement, the airplane. Enormous masses of men, strung 
along a continuous front protected on one flank by the sea and 
on the other by neutral Switzerland, have almost eliminated 
strategy, but it was the airplane which, by its nearly unlimited 
capacities for observation, made possible the giant land gun, 
firing at objects miles beyond the vision of its gunners; and it 
is the giant gun which has resulted in the extreme development 
of trench warfare. As the United States entered the war the 
airplane was looked upon as one of the principal factors to bring 
the war to speedy and successful termination for the Allies. 

The number of airplanes required was placed by some estimates 
as high as 100,000, air craft in droves to blind the enemy, observe 
his movements and place him at the mercy of our forces. On 
the best authority it seems probable that 25,000 will be rushed 
into action as soon as possible. Not only was there the question 
of the machines, but of more concern, the provision and training 
of the men to man them. Yet this too is being answered with a 
spirit typical of America. Men have rushed in steady streams to 
the aviation camps, enlisting in this, the latest holder of the 
title to premier service in the army. 

While serving in the Aviation Section, officers and men, in 
recognition of their preferred service, are awarded an increase in 
compensation based on their rating for efficiency and the work 
they are required to perform. The increases are: 

Aviation Officers 25 per cent 

Junior Military Aviators 50 per cent 

Military Aviators 75 per cent 

Enlisted Men 50 per cent 

So great is the variety of airplanes and so rapid is their devel- 
opment under the stress of war demands that no attempt can be 
made here to describe them. The principal type is the fighting 
plane, of extreme swiftness, constructed to carry a machine gun 
of the Lewis type and a man to operate it, in addition to the 
aviators. Others are of the observation type, larger and slower, 
and at the same time less tricky in their operation, used for pur- 
poses of observing or photographing enemy lines, etc. 

The Zeppelin has remained a creature of the German Army. 
No attempt has been made by the Allies to copy it, for the 
simple reason that it has failed to justify its existence. Germany 
herself has shown a disposition to abandon it. The Zeppelin is 
too costly in material, time and labor for construction and when 
constructed, is too unwieldy and furnishes too large a mark for 
successful competition with the airplane. 

45 



AVIATION SECTION 

Organization and Branches 

The Signal Corps (see U. S. Army, Administration) has charge 
of all aviation, but officers and men may be detailed from any 
branch of the service. The aviation section is divided as follows: 

(I) Flying Corps 

The unit of the Flying Corps is the Aero Squadron, commanded 
by a Major, 5 captains and 12 lieutenants and one medical of- 
ficer, making a total of 19 commissioned officers. All aviators 
are commissioned officers, either captains or lieutenants, having 
passed through the ground school and flying school to the point 
where they have qualified under the test of reserve military avia- 
tors. Enlisted men do not fly, being mechanicians, etc., classified 
as follows: 

4 Master Signal Electricians. 

1 Sergeant Major. 

1 First Sergeant. 

2 Clerks (first class sergeants). 

1 Truck Master (first class sergeant). 
16 Mechanicians (first class sergeants). 

1 Assistant Truck Master (sergeant). 

1 Mess Sergeant. 

1 Supply Sergeant. 

1 Mechanic (sergeant). 

1 Photographer (sergeant). 

1 Chauffeur (sergeant). 
11 Mechinicians (sergeants). 
33 Corporals. 

6 Cooks. 
39 First class Privates. 
30 Privates. 

4 Medical Department. 
Total enlisted, 154. 
Total for the Squadron, 173 men. 

(2) Non-Flying Corps 

The ground department, composed of executive ground officers, 
supply officers, disbursing officers, adjutants of squads, command- 
ing officers of squads, engineering officers, etc. No enlisted men 
In this corps. 

(3) Balloon Division 

For observation of enemy lines, etc., from free or captive bal- 
loons. Observers have qualified for observation by passing testa 
and are commissioned officers. This division has charge of radio- 
telegraphy. Actual observation work is done only by commissioned 
officers. Enlisted men are called upon for inflation of balloons, 
mechanical work, etc. 

(4) Aerial Observers 

All commissioned officers. Their work is spotting artillery fire, 
map making, general reconnaissance, photography, etc., for which 
they ascend as passengers with the aviators. 



AVIATION SECTION 

Personnel 

The strength of the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps of 

the Army was given by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker in 

a statement to the Senate committee investigating military 

affairs, February, 1918, as follows: Aprj | | 9(7 Jan> (> | 9 | 8 

Officers 65 3,9(10 

Men 1,120 82,120 

Total 1,185 86,020 

THE LIBERTY MOTOR 

With the new Liberty Motor, American airplanes will he 
equipped with motors probably better than any 'other now being 
built. The Liberty Motor lias more power for its weight than 
any other engine ever devised. No engine ever before created 
has given 400 horsepower with only 875 pounds weight, as does 
this product of American genius. The motors are now being 
turned out and airplanes are being equipped with them every day. 
Construction is wholly standardized and American factories wi'.l 
be able to produce at least twice as many per week, it is esti- 
mated, as they could of any foreign kind of engine. 

In the Vacuum Chamber of the Bureau of Standards at Wash- 
ington, where conditions are produced of temperature and air 
pressure which would be encountered 35,000 feet in the air 
(two miles higher than any aviator ever has flown) the high 
pressure Liberty Motor has been run for 50 hours continuously. 
This is longer than any possible flight, since no airplane could 
carry the required gasoline. The new motor will develop more 
than 400 horsepower at 1,625 revolutions per minute. It has 
twelve cylinders, with two spark plugs to each cylinder. 

THE RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION 

By proclamation of the President. December 26, 1917, the 
railroads of the I'nited States passed under government control 
for the period of the war at noon. December 28, 1917. Control 
of the railroads is now under the following administration: 

Director General of Railroads, William G. McAdoo 

Assistant to the Director General, Walker D. Hines 

General Counsel, John Barton Payne 

Director of Division of Transportation, Carl R. Gray 

Director of Division of Traffic, Edward Chambers 

Director of Division of Finance and Pun bases, John Skelton 
Williams 

Director of Division of Labor, W. S. Carter 

Director of Division of Public Service and Accounting, Charles 
A. Prouty 

Manager Locomotive Section. Division of Transportation, Frank 
McManamy 

Regional Directors 

In charge of operation Eastern railroads, A. IT. Smith, New 
York. N. Y. 

In charge of operation Southern railroads, C. H. Markham, 
Atlanta, Ga. 

In charge of operation Western railroads, R. IT. Aishton, Chi- 
cago. 111. 

Railroad Wage Commission 

Franklin K. Lane, Charles C. McChord, J. Harry Covington, 
William R. Willcox 



THE RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION— (Continued) 

No American industry has sprung into the tremendously increased 
activities necessitated by the War with more unhesitating vigor or 
more spectacular results than has the industry upon which all 
others must depend — the American Railways. Caught in the flood 
of wartime traffic with equipment which had grown inadequately 
through years of adversity and called upon to meet the demands 
of a traffic the tremendous proportions of which no one could 
have dreamed of two or three years ago, they took steps at once 
to meet the test by marshalling their 260,000 miles voluntarily 
under unified control, subordinating everything to the needs of the 
Government in preparing for and carrying on the War. 

Atop this unprecedented jump in traffic came the need of 
transporting thousands upon thousands of men to the camps and 
points of embarkation. Between August 1 and December 1, 1917, 
the railroads of this country safely transported approximately 1,- 
500.000 soldiers to training camps and ports of embarkation. Five 
hundred thousand of these men made journeys necessitating over- 
night travel and were moved in tourist or standard sleeping cars. 

On one of the long hauls 8,000 men were moved from a train- 
ing camp on the western coast to a point on the eastern coast — 
a distance of 3,700 miles — in a little less than a week. The men 
traveled in sixteen sections, each comprising 12 tourist cars and 
2 baggage cars. 

To assure the safety of the men in travel the railroads have 
adopted an average speed of 25 miles per hour for all troop 
trains except when freight cars, needed for the transportation of 
equipment, are included in the trains. The speed then is 
reduced to 20 miles per hour. 

The railways took every step possible to safeguard the lives 
entrusted to them by the Government and to complete the troops 
movement without delay, without interfering with the abnormal 
amount of commercial traffic the war has produced, without 
interruption of the regular passenger train service. This was 
exceptionally difficult because practically all of the troop move- 
ment. Regulars, National Guard and National Army, required spe- 
cial train service. National Guard and National Army alone 
called for 13,500 passenger cars, including 1,500 standard and 
tourist sleepers, 2,000 baggage cars and 4,500 freight cars. 

Some slight conception of what this problem meant may be 
deduced from the fact that in the National Army movement alone 
the railroads had to prepare special train schedules covering 
4,531 towns and cities designated by the Provost Martial General 
as the points of local concentration from which the recruits to 
the new army moved to their cantonments. 

For the construction of the 16 cantonments 64,000 carloads 
of materials had to be moved, while for the 16 concentration 
camps 40,000 carloads more were required. Approximately 2.500 
carloads of food and other necessities are being delivered daily 
by the railroads at cantonments and camps where the new army 
is being trained for service abroad. The task is a difficult one, 
involving as it does the supplying of all the necessities of life 
for 16 non-productive cities with a population of 40,000 each 
and 56 smaller cities ranging in population from 300 to 3,000. 
Altogether more than a million men gathered at the various 
centers must have their daily necessities brought to them by the 
railways. 



FOOD— WHY WE MUST SAVE IT TO WIN 
THE WAR 

By the United States Food Administration 

"The men of the Allied Nations are fighting; they are not on 
the farms. The production of food by these countries has there- 
fore been greatly reduced. Even before the war it was much 
less than the amount consumed. The difference came from 
America and a few other countries. Now this difference is 
greater than ever and, at the same time, but little food can ba 
brought in from the outside except from America. 

"Therefore, our Allies depend on America for food as they 
have never depended before, and they ask us for it with a right 
which they have never had before. For today they are our 
companions in the great war for democracy and liberty. They 
are doing the fighting, the suffering, and dying — in our war. 

"WHY WE MUST SEND MORE WHEAT— England, France, 
Italy and Belgium taken together, import in peace time 40 per cent 
of their breadstuffs. But now, with their reduction in harvest, 
they must import 60 per cent. We must increase our normal 
export surplus of 88. 000,000 bushels to 220,000,000 bushels. It 
can be done but in one way.: by economizing and substituting. 
The people of the Allies cannot substitute corn alone for bread 
as we can. . . . The whole problem can be met if we will 
substitute one pound of corn or other cereal flour for one pound 
of wheat flour weekly per person; that is, if we reduce our 
consumption of wheat flour from five pounds a week to four 
pounds a week. 

"WHY WE MUST SEND MORE MEAT— The food animals of 
the Allies have decreased by 33,000,000 head since the war began; 
thus the source of their meat production is decreasing. At the 
same time, the needs of their soldiers and war workers have 
increased the necessary meat consumption. If we will save one 
ounce of meat per person per day we can send our Allies what 
they need. 

"WHY WE MUST SEND BUTTER AND MILK— The decreas- 
ing herds and the lack of fodder mean a steady falling off in 
the dairy products of our Allies. They have been asking for 
larger and larger exports from us. Last year we sent them three 
times as much butter and almost ten times as much condensed 
milk as we used to send them before the war. We must not only 
keep up to this level, but do still better. 

"WHY, WE MUST SEND SUGAR— Before the war France. 
Italy and Belgium produced as much sugar as they used, while 
England drew most of its supplies from what are now enemy 
countries. France and Italy are producing less than they need, 
while England is cut off from the source of seventy per cent of 
her usual imports. These three Allied countries must now draw 
1,500,000 tons more of sugar than they did before the war from 
the sources from which we draw our supplies. We must divide 
with them. We can do it by economizing. The usual American 
consumption per person is just double that of France. 

"LET US REMEMBER— that every flag that flies opposite the 
German one is by proxy the American flag, and that the armies 
fighting in our defense under these flags cannot be maintained 
through this winter unless there is food enough for them and 
for their women .and children at home." 



FOOD REGULATIONS 

Effective Jan. 28. 1918, the United States Food Administration 
announced new and more drastic regulations for conservation 
of wheat, meat, fat, sugar and milk, as follows: 

1. Have two wheatless days (Monday and Wednesday) In 
every week, and one wheatless meal in every day. On these 
days use no crackers, pastry, macaroni, breakfast food or other 
cereal food containing wheat; use no wheat flour in any form 
except the small amount needed for thickening gravies or as 
binder for corn or other cereal breads. Bake no wheat bread; 
buy only war bread. We must use 1 3 less wheat than last year. 

2. Have one meatless day (Tuesday) in every week and 
one meatless meal in every day. Have two porkless days 
(Tuesday and Saturday) in every week. "Meatless" means 
without cattle, sheep or hog products. On other days use mut- 
ton and lamb in preference to beef or pork. (Porkless Saturdays 
and meatless meals temporarily suspended Mar. 3, 1918.) Use fish, 
poultry, eggs. We eat and waste nearly twice the meat we need. 

3. Make every day a fat-saving day. Save butter, lard, 
lard substitutes, etc. Fry less. Bake, broil, boil and stew 
foods instead. Save meat drippings. Use butter only on table. 
Use vegetable oils for cooking. As a nation, we use and 
waste two and a half times the fat we need. 

4. Make every day a sugar-saving day. Use less sugar, less 
sweet drinks and less candy. We use twice the sugar we need. 

5. Use fruits, vegetables and potatoes abundantly. Baise all 
you can at home. 

6. Use milk wisely. Use all, waste none. Children must 
have whole milk. (Use sour or skimmed for cooking and cheese. 

7. Hoarding food. Anyone buying or holding more food now 
than in peace times is aiding the enemy, unless it is food 
canned, dried or preserved at home. Beport to the nearest 
food administrator the name and address of anyone discouraging 
the production and saving of food. 

As their part in reducing the consumption of wheat flour, 
the consumers of the country are called upon, in purchasing 
such flour, to buy at the same time an equal weight of the 
other cereals (corn meal, corn starch, corn flour, hominy, corn 
grits, barley flour, rice, rice flour, oatmeal, rolled oats, buck- 
wheat flour, potato flour, sweet potato flour, soya bean flour 
and feterita flours and meals). The housewife may use these 
separately in linking breads, cake or pastry, or mix them. 

Consumers will be able to obtain mixed cereal bread from 
bakers, who are required under the license regulations, begin- 
ning February 24, to substitute a minimum of 20 per cent 
of such cereals with their wheat flour. 

Consumers are urged to buy this bread, to he known as 
Victory Bread. Graham and whole wheat bread also will be 
given this name, as they use 25 per cent more of the wheat 
grain than does white bread, and save wheat flour. 

Observations of the food regulations, Mr. Hoover estimates, 
will save 15,000,000 bushels of wheat monthly for shipment to 
our allies. This will enable our allies to subsist, though their 
ration will be short. 

Americans saved 312.000.000 pounds of wheat, 180,000.000 
pounds of meat, 24,000,000 pounds of sugar and 8,000,000 
pounds of fats, a total of 390.000 tons, during the first six 
weeks of meatless and wheatless days, according to figures 
compiled by the Federal Food Administration. 
50 



MERCHANT FLEETS OF THE NATIONS AT WAR 

In the year 1915-1916, the latest for which figures are avail- 
able, the merchant shipping owned by the nations at war were 
as shown in the following table. Since that time, of course. 
Germany has lost a vast number of her ships through seizure by 
the United States and other nations as they declared war; the 
Allies have lost a large number through submarine sinkings, 
aa shown on following page, and some have been lest from natural 
causes. Tremendous speeding up of shipbuilding in Great Britain 
and the United States especially, however, has added and will 
add immense tonnages to the Allies' shipping supplies. 

Steamers and Sailing 

The Allies Vessels, 100 Tons Total 

and Up Tonnage 

Great Britain and Dominions 11,353 21,274,068 

United States (inc. lakes) 3,249 5,892,639 

France 1,539 2,285,728 

Italy 1,177 1,736,545 

Japan 1,155 1,826,068 

Russia 1,256 1,054,762 

Belgium 164 276,427 

Brazil 443 317,414 

China 81 98,079 

Cuba 48 37,882 

Greece 510 908,725 

Portugal 206 122,726 

Roumania 34 54,603 

Total, Allies 21,215 35.885.666 

The Enemy 

Germany 2,166 4,706,027 

Austria-Hungary 433 1,018,210 

Turkey 212 133,162 

Total, the Enemy 2.811 5.857.399 



Tonnage Loss and Ship Construction 

Reliable figures published Jan. 3, 1918, gave the following in- 
dication of the results of the submarine campaign against British 
shipping: 

Tons 
Total tonnage British sea-going ships over 1,600 tons in 

August, 1914 16,841,519 

Loss by enemy action and otherwise, less new con- 
struction, purchases and captures 2,750,000 

Remaining January 1, 1918 14,091,519 

Daniel Hurley, chairman of the Shipping Board, stated be- 
fore the Senate Commerce Committee in January, 1918, that 
satisfactory progress was being made in ship construction. There 
were under construction 1,427 ships, 8,573,108 tons. Wooden 
ships for which contracts had been placed represent 379 bot- 
toms. There are 58 ships of composite construction also. Of 
110 shipyards receiving contracts, 75 have been created since 
January 1, 1917. 

51 



SUBMARINE RECORD 

of British merchantmen by mine or submarine 

German proclamation of unrestricted torpedoing have 

follows for the first 52 weeks: Over Under 

Ending 1.600 1,600 

Week— 1917 tons tons 

First March 3 14 9 

Second March 10 13 4 

Third March 17 16 8 

Fourth March 24 19 7 

Fifth March 31 18 13 

Sixth April 7 17 2 

Seventh April 14 19 9 

Eighth April 21 40 15 

Ninth April 28 38 13 

Tenth May 5 24 22 

Eleventh May 12 18 5 

Twelfth May 19 18 9 

Thirteenth May 26 18 1 

Fourteenth June 2 15 3 

Fifteenth .Tune 9 22 10 

Sixteenth .Tune 16 27 5 

Seventeenth June 23 21 7 

Eighteenth June 30 15 5 

Nineteenth July 7 14 3 

Twentieth July 14 14 4 

Twenty-first July 21 21 3 

Twenty-second July 28 18 3 

Twenty-third August 4 21 2 

Twenty-fourth August 11 14 2 

Twenty-fifth August 18 15 3 

Twenty-sixth August 25 18 5 

Twenty-seventh September 1 20 3 

Twenty-eighth September 8 12 6 

Twenty-ninth September 15 8 20 

Thirtieth September 22 13 2 

Thirty-first September 29 11 2 

Thirty-second October 6 14 2 

Thirty-third October 13 12 6 

Thirty-fourth October 20 17 8 

Thirty-fifth October 27 14 4 

Thirty-sixth November 3 8 4 

Thirty-seventh November 10 1 5 

Thirty-eighth November 17 10 7 

Thirty-ninth November 24 14 7 

Fortieth December 1 16 1 

Forty-first December 8 14 7 

Forty-second December 15 14 3 

Forty-third December 22 11 1 

Forty-fourth December 29 18 3 

1918 

Forty-fifth January 5 18 3 

Forty-sixth Fanuary 12 6 2 

Forty-seventh January 19 6 2 

Forty-eighth January 26 9 6 

Forty-ninth February 2 10 5 

Fiftieth February 9 13 6 

Fifty-first February 16 12 3 

Fifty-second February 23 14 4 

Total, fifty-second week 822 294 

Grand total, 1,316. 52 



since the 
been aa 

Smaller 
craft 

3 

3 
21 
10 

6 

6 
21 

9 

8 
16 

3 

3 

2 

5 

6 




11 

7 

8 

1 





3 

2 





4 

1 

2 

6 

3 

1 







1 



4 



1 



200 



GREATEST BATTLES OF THE 18TH AND 19TH 
CENTURIES 

Name 18th Century Date Men Engaged 

Blenheim 1704 116,000 

Ramilies 1706 122,000 

Oudenard 1708 170,000 

Malplaquet 1709 200,000 

Dettingen 1743 97.000 

Fontenoy 1745 90.000 

Prague 1757 124,000 

Kollin 1757 87,000 

Leuthen 1757 111,000 

Breslau 1757 110,000 

Zorndorf 1758 84,700 

Hoehkirch 1758 132,000 

Zullchau 1759 113,000 

Torgau 1760 106,000 

Castiglione 1796 90,000 

19th Century 

Hohenlinden 1800 106.000 

Austerlitz 1805 148,000 

Eylau 1807 133,500 

Heilsburg 1807 169.000 

Friedland 1807 142,000 

Eckmeihl 1809 145.000 

Aspern 1809 170,000 

Wagram 1809 370.000 

Talavera 1809 109,000 

Borodino 1812 263,000 

Baptzen 1813 300.000 

Vittoria 1813 143.000 

Leipsic 1813 440,000 

Le Rothiere 1814 120,000 

Laon 1814 112,000 

Ligny 1815 159,000 

Waterloo ....1815 170.000 

Magenta 1859 108,000 

Solferino 1859 295,000 

Civil War 

Shiloh 1862 98.000 

Seven Pines 1862 90.000 

Gaines Mills 1862 90.000 

Malvern Hill 1862 150.000 

Second Manassas 1S62 127,000 

Antietam 1862 128,000 

Fredericksburg 1862 190.000 

Chiekamauga 1863 128,000 

Chancellorsville 1863 192.000 

Gettysburg 1863 163,000 

Chattanooga 1863 99,000 

Stone River 1863 80,712 

Spottyslvania 1864 150,000 

Cold Harbor 1864 168,000 

Wilderness 1864 179,000 

Koenigratz 1866 417,000 

Worth 1870 135,000 

Vionville 1870 168,000 

Gravelotte 1870 320,000 

Plevna 1877 115,000 

53 



NEW WEAPONS AND METHODS OF THE 
WORLD WAR 

Many weapons of the World War are of a wonder and strange- 
ness dreamed of a few years ago by only the imagination of a 
Jules Verne. Others are a return to the warfare and implements 
of ancient times. Some of the products and methods of this 
greatest of all conflicts, new achievements of science or borrowings 
from ancient and mediaeval times or savagery, weapons of offense 
and weapons of defense in reply to them are: 

Nation Which In- 
vented or Introduced 

Airplane United States 

Submarine United States 

Tanks Great Britain 

Zeppelin Germany 

Anti- Aircraft Guns Great Britain and France 

Giant Land Guns Germany 

High Powered Explosives General 

Trenches and Dugouts General 

Anti- Submarine Steel Nets Allies 

Anti- Submarine Depth Bombs Allies 

Hand Grenades Germany 

Steel Darts France 

Anti- Zeppelin Inflammatory Shells Allies 

Barbed Wire Entanglements General 

Poison Gas Germany 

Anti-Gas Masks Allies 

Tear Shells Germany 

Goggles Allies 

Star Shells Germany 

Flesh-Burning Gas Shells Germany 

Smoke Screens on Land and Sea Allies 

Liquid Fire Germany 

Bacteria Germany 

Poisoned Wells and Candy Germany 

Destruction of Land Fertility Germany 

Terrorism and Frightfulness Germany 

Slavery Germany 

Propaganda Sewing Treachery Among Opponents Germany 

World-Wide Spies and Plotting Germany 

Starvation Germany 

WHY UNITED STATES CANNOT MAKE PEACE 
WITH THE PRUSSIAN MILITARISTS 

(Extracts from writings of leaders of Prussian thought.) 

The supreme aim shall be: Greater Germany, whose task 
shall be the well-being of Germans." 

"The purpose must be to crush the [individuality of the] con- 
quered people and its political and lingual existence." 

"It [the conquering nation] must spread out over foreign soil, 
and must displace strangers with the power of the sword." 

"Keep the subject race in as uncivilized condition as possible, 
and thus prevent them from becoming a danger to the handful 
of their conquerors." 

„ "By right of war the right of strange races to migrate into 
Germanic settlements will be taken away. By right of war the 
non-German [population] in America and great Australia must 
be settled in Africa. * * * By right of war we can send back 
the useless South American Romance peoples and the half-breeds 
to North Africa." 

54 



INCOME TAX 

Income taxes to be paid under the new war revenue bill, com- 
bined with those required by the old law, are shown below. 
Single men pay war taxes on incomes over $1,000 and married 
men on incomes above $2,000. Income exemptions under the 
old tax law are $3,000 for single men and $4,000 for married 
men. The first item of war taxes below — $20 — applies to single 
men with incomes of $2,000. The next item of $20 applies to 
married men with incomes of $3,000, and the following items 
apply only to incomes of married men. After passing the $4,000 
income, single men pay $40 a year more on the same amounts. 
Following are the figures: 

Annual 

Income Old Tax 

$1,000 

2,000 

3,000 

4.000 

5,000 $20 

6,000 40 

7,000 60 

8,000 80 

9,000 100 

10,000 120 

11,000 140 

12,000 160 

13,000 180 

14,000 200 

15,000 220 

16,000 240 

17,000 260 

18,000 280 

19,000 300 

20.000 320 

25,000 470 

30.000 620 

35,000 770 

40,000 920 

45,000 1,120 

50,000 1,320 

55,000 1,520 

60,000 1,720 

65,000 1,970 

70,000 2,220 

75,000..: 2,470 



War Tax 


Total 

Married 

Man 


$20 




20 


$20 


40 


40 


60 


80 


90 


130 


120 


180 


155 


235 


195 


295 


235 


355 


285 


425 


335 


495 


390 


570 


450 


650 


510 


730 


580 


820 


650 


910 


720 


1,000 


790 


1,090 


860 


1,180 


1,310 


1,780 


1.760 


2,380 


2,210 


2,980 


2,660 


3,580 


3,260 


4,380 


3,860 


5.180 


4,460 


5,980 


5,060 


6.780 


5,860 


7,830 


6,660 


8,880 


7,460 


9,930 



55 



INCOME TAX (Cont'd) 

Total 

Annual Married 

Income Old Tax War Tax Man 

80,000 2.720 8,260 10,980 

85,000 3,020 9,260 12,280 

90,000 3,320 10,260 13,580 

95,000 3,620 11,260 14,880 

100,000 3.920 12,260 16.180 

110,000 4,620 14,660 19,280 

125,000 5,670 18,260 23,930 

135,000 6,370 20,660 27.030 

150,000 7,420 24,260 31,680 

175.000 9,420 31,010 40.430 

200,000 11,420 37,760 49.180 

225,000 13.670 45,760 59,430 

250,000 15,920 53,760 69,680 

275,000 18,420 62,760 81,180 

300,000 20,920 71,760 92,680 

350,000 26,420 91,260 117,680 

400,000 31,920 110,760 142,680 

450,000 37,420 130,260 167,680 

500,000 42,920 149,760 192.680 

550,000 48,920 170,760 219,680 

600,000 54,920 191,760 246.680 

650,000 60,920 212,760 273,680 

700,000 66,920 233,760 300,680 

750,000 72,920 254,760 327,680 

800,000 78,920 278,260 357,180 

850,000 84.920 301,760 386,680 

900,000 90.920 325,260 416,180 

950.000 96.920 348,760 445,680 

1,000,000 102,920 372,260 475,180 

1,250,000 135,420 502,260 637,680 

1,500.000 167,920 632,260 800,180 

1,750,000 202.920 762,260 965,180 

2,000.000 237,920 892,260 1,130, ISO 

2,250,000 275,420 1,022,260 1,297,680 

2,500.000 312.920 1,152.260 1.465,180 

3,000,000 3S7.920 1,412,260 1,800.180 

2,750,000 350,420 1,282,260 1,632,680 

56 



PRONUNCIATIONS 



Belgium 

Aerschot= Air-shot' 

Alost = Ah'-lawst 

Andenne = Ahn-den' 

Antwerp = Ahnt-werp 

Arlon=Ahr'-long 

Beaumont = Bo-mong' 

Binche=Ban'-jhe 

Blankenberghe=Blan-ken-behr' 

yeh 
Bouvigne=Boo-veen'-ye 
Braine l'Alleud = Brain-luh- 

leuh' 
Braine le Conte = Brain -luh- 

Cont' 
Bruges =Breezh 
Brussels = Brus ' - elz 
Charleroi = Shar-lah-rwah' 
Chimay = Shin-may' 
Cortemarck = Kort-mark 
Courtrai= Koor-tray' 
Diest = Deest 
Dinant=Dee-nahng' 
Dyle=Deel 
Dixmude = Dee-meehd 
Eghezee=Egg-a-zay' 
Enghien = Ahn-yang' 
Furnes=Feern 
Gembloux = Ghon-bloo' 
Genappe=Zheh-napp' 
Gheel=Gail 

Grammont = Gram -mong ' 
Haelen=Hah-len' 
Hal = Hahl 
Hamme = Hahm 
Hasselt=Hah-selt' 
Herenthals=Heir'-en-tals 
Heyst=Hiest 
Huy=Wee 

Jodoigne= Zho-dwan' -ye 
Jongres = Zhong'-r 
Knocke=K'noc-keh 
La Belle Alliance=Lah-BelT- 

Ah-lee-anz' 
Laeken=Lah'-ken 
La Roche = Lah Rosh 
Liege =Lee-ayzh' 
Lierre = Lee-air' 
Ligny=Leen-yee' 
Limburh=Lam-bour' 
Lipramont = Leep'-rah-mong 
Lokeren=Lo'-ker-yen 
Lombartzeyde=Lom-bart-zide 
Louvain = Loo- ven ' 
Malines=Mah-leen' 
Manage = Mah-nahzh' 
Marienbourg=Mah-ree'-om-boor 
Middelkkerke=Middle-kerk 
Mons=Mongs 



Mont St. Jean = Mong Sang Zhong 
Namur = Nah-muhr' 
Neerwinden=Nair'-vin-den 
Neuf chateau = Nuf-shah-to' 
Nieuport = New -port 
Nivelles = Nee - vel' 
Nonove=No-nov' 
Ostend = Os-tend' 
Ottignes = Ot-teen'-ye 
Oudenard = Ood-n-ard 
Pervyse = Pair- veez 
Ramillies=Rah-mee-yay' 
Ramscapelle = Rahms- ken-pel' - 

leh 
Renaix=Reh-nay' 
Roulers=Roo-lay' 
Sambre= Sahm-br 
Seraing = Seh-rang' 
Soignies=Swahn-yee' 
St. Trond = Sang Trong' 
Tamise=Tah-meez' 
Termonde = Tair-mond 
Tcrveuren = Ter-voo' -ren 
Thielt=Teelt 
Thourout=Too-roo' 
Thuin = Twang 
Tirlemont = Teer-leh-mong' 
Tongres = Tong-r 
Tournay = Toor-nay' 
Verviers = Vair-vee-ay' 
Vilvorde=Veel-vort' 
Virton = Veer-tong' 
Vise=Vee-zay' 
Waremme = Wah-rem' 
Wavre=Wahv-r 
Ypres=Eep-r 
Yser = Ee-say' 
Zeebrugge = Zay' brug-geh 

France 

Aire = Air 

Aisne^Ain 

Amiens=Ah-mee-ang' 

Ardennes = Ahr-den' 

Ardres=Ahrd-r 

Argonne=Ahr-gon' 

Arieuxe = Ahr-yuh' 

Armentierres=Ahr-mahn-tee- 

air' 
Arras = Arrah' 
Audruico=0-dree'-ko 
Bailleul=Ba-yeul' 
Barleduc = Bar'-leh-duke' 
Bavai=Bahv'-ai 
Beaufort=Bo-for' 
Beauvais=Bo-vay' 
Belfort = Bel-for' 
Bergues = Bairg 
Berlaimont=Bair-leh-mong' 



PRONUNCIATIONS (Cont'd) 



Berry au Bae=Bair-ree'-o-bak 

Besancon = Beh-zahng-song' 

Bet hune = Bay- toon' 

Blamont=Blah-mong' 

Bordeau = Bor-do' 

Boulogne = Boo-lone' -ye 

Bourbourg — Boor-boor' 

Br urges ^Boorzh 

B» est = Brest 

Rreteuil = Bre-toy' 

Calais=Kah-lay' 

Cambrai= Kong -bray' 

Chalons sur Marne = Shah-long' 

seer-Marn' 
Chambley = Shahm-blay' 
Chantilly = Shang-tee-yee' 
Chaumont= Sho-mong' 
Cherbourg = Sher-boor' 
Compiegne=Kong-pee-enn' 
Conde=Kong-day' 
(i( < y = Kray-see 
Denain = Deh-neh' 
Dieppe = Dee-epp' 
Douai = Doo-ay' 
Dunkerque=Daihn-keerk 
Epernay= Ay-pair-nay' 
Epinal Ay pee-nal' 
Etain=Ay'-tang 
Etappes=Ay'-tapp 
Fontaine = Fong- ten' 
Fumay=Fee-may' 
Givet=Zhee-vay' 
Gravelincs = Grahv-leen' 
IIavre = Av'-r 
Hazebrouck— Ahz-bruk' 
La Bassee = Lah-Bah-say' 
Laon = Lohng 
Lens=Lahng 
Liancourt=Lee-ong'-coor 
Lille=Leel 
Long\vy = Long-vee' 
Luneville=Leen-veel' 
Lys=Lees 

Malplaquet = Mahl-plah-kay' 
Marne=Marn 
Marseilles= Mar-say'-yeh 
Maubert=Mo-bair' 
Maubeuge=Mo-berzh 
Meaux=Mo 
Meurthe et Moselle=Murt-ay- 

Mo-sel' 
Meuse— Merz 
Mezieres=May-shee-air' 
Montdidier = Mong-tee-'-dyay 
Montfaucon=Mong-fo-kong / 
Montmedy = Mong-meh-dee' 
Montreuil=Mong-troy' 
Nancy =Nahn- see' 
Nanteuil = Nong- toy ' 



Neuilly=Noy-yee' 

Nord=Nor 

Novelles=No-vel' 

Noyon = Nwah-yong' 

Oise=Wahz 

Orleans = Or-lay-ong' 

Oye = Waah 

Pas de Calais = Pah-d'-Kah-lay' 

Peronne^Pair-run' 

Reims=Renh 

Roubaix=Roo-bay' 

Rouen=Roo-ong' 

Sedan = Seh-dong' 

Senlis=Song'-lee 

Soissons= Swah-song' 

Somme=Sum 

St. Armand = San-Tar-mong' 

St. Die=Sang-Dee-ay' 

St. Mihiel=Sang-Meal 

St. Omer=San-to-mair' 

St. Pol = Sang-pohl 

St. Quentin = Sang-kong-tang' 

st. Remy=Sang-Ruh-me' 

Toulon = Too-long' 

Valenciennes = Val-long-s'yenn' 

Varennes = Vah-ren' 

Verdun =Vair- dung' 

Vervins=Ver-vang' 

Vitry = Vee-tree' 

Vosges = Vohzh 

Woevre = Wuh ' - vr 

Zaydcoote=Zaid'-koht 

Italy 

Agordo=Ah'-gor-do 

Alleghe=Ah-leg'-gay 

Anipezzo^Ahm-pet'-so 

Anzignano=Ahn-seen-yah ' -no 

Arsiero=Ahr-syair'-o 

A sin go= Ah -see- ah '-go 

Asolo=Ah'-so-lo 

Auronzo=Ow-rahn'-so 

Aviano=Ah-vee-ah'-no 

I (a ssano= Bah-sah' -no 

Belluno=Bel-loo'-no 

Bergamo=Bair'-ga-mo 

Bologna = Bo-lohn'-ya 

Borca=Bor'-ca 

Brenta = Bren ' -ta 

Brescia =Bray'-sha 

Butrio=Boo'-tree-o 

Cainp(iformido=Kahm-po-for'- 

mee-do 
Camposampiero=Kahm-po-sahm- 

pyair'-o 
Caprino=Kah-pree'-no 
Casarsa=Kah-zar'-sah 



58 



PRONUNCIATIONS (Cont'd) 



L'astelfranco— Kah-stel'-frahn'- 

ko 
Cavallino = Kah-vah-lee'-no 
Chioggia = Kee-od'-ja 
Chiusa = Kee-oo'-sa 
Cittadella = Chit-ta-del'-lah 
Cividale = Chee-vee-dah'-lay 
Codroipo=Koh-droh-ee'-po 
Conegliano=Koh-nay-lee-ah'-no 
Como=Koh'-mo 
Cremona = Kray-moh'-nah 
Dolce=Dohl'-chay 
Falcade = Fahl-kah'-day 
Feltre=Fel'-tray 
Faedis = Fah'- ay-dees 
Garda = Gahr'-dah 
Gemona = .Tay-moh'-nah 
Gonars = Goh-nars' 
Gorizia (Aust. Goritz)=Go-rit' 

sya 
Istria=Ees'-tree-ah 
Lago di Garda=Lah'-go dee 

Gahr'-dah 
Laguna = Lah-goo'-nah 
Latisana = Lah-tee-sah'-nah 
Lisciaza = Lish-yah'-za 
Longarone = Lon ' -ga-roh' -nay 
Lozzo = Loht'-so 
Maniago = Mah-nee-ah'-go 
Mantova = Mahn-toh'-vah 
Marano = Mah-rah'-noh 
Marostica=Mah-rohs'-tee-ka 
Mestre= Mess ' -tray 
Milano (Milan) =Mce-lah'-noh 
Mirano=Mee-rah'-noh 
Moggia di Sotto=Mod'-ja dee 

Soht'-to 
Mogliano = Mohl-yah'-noh 
Montebelluna = Mohn'-tay-bel- 

loo'-nah 
Montebel1o=Mohn' -tay-bel' -loh 
Motta=Moht'-tah 
Muina=Moo-ee' -nah 
Oderzo=Oh-dair'-so 
Ospitale=Ohss-pee-tah'-lay 
Padova = Pah'-doh- villi 
Palmanova = Pahl-mah-noh'-vah 
Paluzza = Pah-loot 'sa 
Pavia = Pah-vee'-ah 
Peschiera=Pess-kee-ay'-rah 
Piacenza=Pee-ah-chen'-sa 



riave=Pee-ah'-vay 

Pieve di Cadore = Pee-ay'-vay 

dee Kah'-doh-ray 
Piove = Pee-oh'-vay 
Pojana = Poh-ee-yah' nah 
Pontebba = Pohn-teb'-bah 
Ponte di Piave=Pohn'-tay dee 

Pee-ah'-vay 
Ponton = Pohn-tohn' 
Pordenone=Pohr-day-noh'-nay 
Porto di Chioggia=Pohr'-to dee 

Kee-od'-ja 
Porto di Ma]amocoo = Pohr'-to 

dee Mah-lah-mohk'-ko 
Portogruaro = Pohr'-to-groo-ah'-ro 
Pradamano= Prah-dah-mah ' -noh 
Regglo Emilia=Red'-jo-ay- 

meel'-ya 
Rigolato=Ree-go-lah'-toh 
Rocca = Roh'-ka 
Roma (Rome)=Roh'-mah 
Roveredo = Roh- vay- ray ' -doh 
Rovigo=Roh-vee'-goh 
Saeile = Sah-chee'-lay 
Salena=Sah-lay'-nah 
Santa Giustina = Sahn'-ta-jus- 

tee'-nah 
San Lorenzo = Sahn Lo-ren'-soh 
San Pietro=Sahn-pee-ay'-troh 
Santo Daniele=Sahn'-to Dahn- 

yay'-lay 
Sappada=Sah-pah'-dah 
Serravalle=Sair'-ah-vah'-lay 
Sile=See'-lay 
Soii<lrio = Sohn'-dree-oh 
S(ivtizene = Soh-vair-zay'-nay 
Siiilimbergo=Spee-leem-bair'-goh 
Tagliamento=Tahl-ya-men'-toh 
Tarcento = Tahr-chen'-toh 
Thiene=Tee-ay'-nay 
Talmezzo=Tahl-met'-so 
Treviso=Tray-vee'-soh 
Trieste (Aust.)Tree-ess'-tay 
Fdine = Oo' -dee-nay 
Valdagno = Vahl-dahn'-yoh 
Valstagna=Vahl-stahn'-yah 
Venezia = Ven-ay'-zee-ah 
Verona=Ver-oh'-nah 
Vicenza = Vee-chen ' -sah 
Villafranca = Vee-lah-frahn'-kah 
Vittorio— Vee-toh' -ree-oh 



59 



CHRONOLOGY OF THE WAR 

1914 

June 28 — Archduke Francis Ferdinand and wife assassinated at 

Sarajevo, Bosnia. 
.Tuly 28— Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. 
Aug. 1 — Germany declares war on Russia; general mobilization 

begins. 
Aug. 3 Germany declares war on France. 

Aug. 4 — Great Britain declares war on Germany; Germany de- 
clares war on Belgium. 
Aug. 8 — Germans capture Liege. 
Arg. 20 — Germans enter Brussels. 
Aug. 23 — Japan declares war on Germany; Russians victorious in 

East Prussia. 
Aug. 26— Louvain destroyed by Germans. 
Aug. 28 British win naval battle off Helgoland. 
Aug. 29 —Germans defeat Russians at Allenstein ; Germans occupy 

Amiens. 
Sert. 1 Germans cross the Marne in France; defeat Russians at 

Tannenberg, East Prussia. 
Sept. 2 — Russians capture Lemberg; French government leaves 

Paris for Bordeaux. 
Sej t 5 -England, France and Russia sign compact not to con- 
clude separate pea. e. 
Sept. 6 — Allies win Battle of the Marne. 
Sept. 7 Germans retreat from Marne: capture Maubeuge. 

: Hi G< rmans rem at to the Aisne. 
Sept. 14 — Battle of the Aisne begins; Allies halted in pursuit of 

Germans. 
Sept. 15— First battle of Soissons fought. 
Sept. 18 Germans bombard Kb bus and damage cathedral. 
Sett. 19 — Battle of the Aisne develops into trench warfare. 
Set t. 20 — Russians begin seige of Przemysl. 
Se; t 22 -British cruisers Hogue, Cressy and Aboukir torpedoed in 

North Sea. 
O t. H- in — Germans capture Antwerp. 
O t. 12 — Germans capture Ghent. 
Oct. 20 — Battle of the Yser begins. 
Oct. 29 — Turkey begins war on Russia. 
Nov. 7 — Japanese capture Tsingtao, China. 
Nov. 9 — German cruiser Emden destroyed. 

Dec. 8 — British fleet sinks German cruisers near Falkland Islands. 
De". 9 — French government returns to Paris. 
Dec. 14 — Serbians recapture Belgrade. 
Dec. 17 England assumes protectorate over Egypt. 
Dec. 25 — Italy occupies Avlona, Albania. 

1915 
Jan. 24 — British win naval battle in North Sea, sinking German 

cruiser Bluecher. 
Feb. 12 — Germans drive back Russians in East Prussia, taking 

26,000 prisoners. 
Feb. 19 — British and French fleets bombard Dardanelles fort3. 
March I— England announces blockade of all German, Austrian 

and Turkish ports. 
March in- Battle of Neuve Chapelle begins. 
March 22 — Russians capture Przemysl. 
April 23 — Germans force way across Yser Canal. 
May 2— Russians repulsed along entire front in East Galicia. 
May 7 — Lusitania torpedoed by German submarine. 
May 23 — Italy declares war on Austria and orders mobilization. 



June 3 — Germans and Austrians recapture Przemysl. 
June 22 — Germans and Austrians recapture Lemberg. 
July 29 — Russians evacuate Warsaw. 
Aug. 4 — Germans occupy Warsaw. 
Aug. 6— British land at Suvla Bay, Gallipoli. 
Sept. 5 — Grand Duke Nicholas sent to the Caucasus. 
Sept. 8 — Russians stop German advance at Tarnopol. 
Sept. 20 — Austrians and Germans begin drive on Serbia. 
Sept. 25-30— Battle of the Champaigne. 
Oct. 9-10 — Austro-Germans capture Belgrade. 
Oct. 12— Edith Cavell executed by the Germans. 
Oct 14 — Bulgaria declares war on Serbia. 
Nov. 7 — Italian liner Ancona sunk. 
Nov. 22 — British victory near Bagdad. 
Dec. 8-9— Allies defeated in Macedonia. 

Dec. 15 — Sir Douglas Haig succeeds Sir John French as comman- 
der of British Army. 
Dec. 30 — Liner Persia sunk in the Mediterranean. 

1916 

Jan. 8 — British troops at Kut-el-Amara surrounded. 

Jan. 9 — British evacuate Gallipoli peninsula. 

Jan. 13 — Cetinje, capital of Montenegro, captured by Austrians. 

Jan. 23 — Scutari, capital of Albania, captured by Austrians. 

Jan. 29 — Paris raided by Zeppelins. 

Feb. 22 — Germans, under the Crown Prince, begin attack on Ver- 
dun. 

Feb. 26 — Germans capture Fort Douamont, Verdun; French trans- 
port La Provence sunk. 

March 8 — Germany declares war on Portugal. 

March 15 — Austria-Hungary declares war on Portugal. 

March 16 — Dutch steamer Tubantia torpedoed; Admiral von Tlr- 
pitz resigns. 

March 18-30 — Russian offensive in Riga region. 

March 24 — Channel steamer Sussex torpedoed and sunk. 

April 5-7— Battle of St. Eloi. 

April 17 — Trebizond captured by Russians. 

April 18 — President Wilson sends final note to Germany. 

April 19 — President Wilson in speech before joint session of Con- 
gress explains diplomatic situation. 

April 20 — Russian soldiers land in France. 

April 21 — Sir Roger Casement lands in Ireland and is arrested. 

April 24 — Insurrection in Dublin. 

April 29 — British force at Kut-el-Amara surrenders to Turks. 

April 30 — Irish insurrection suppressed. 

May 4 — Germany promises the United States to change method of 
submarine warfare. 

May 13 — Food riots reported in Berlin. 

May 15 — Austrians begin strong offensive against Italians in 
Trentino. 

May 30 — Remainder of Serbian army transferred to Saloniki. 

May 31 — Great naval battle off Jutland, British main fleet driving 
German main fleet back to base. 

June 5 — Lord Kitchener lost with cruiser Hampshire. 

June 6 — Italians stops Austrians and drive them back. 

July 1 — British and French begin great offensive on the Somme. 

July 6 — David Lloyd George appointed secretary of war of Great 
Britain. 

July 9 — German merchant submarine Deutschland arrives at Balti- 
more. 

61 



Aug. 3 — Sir Roger Casement executed for treason. 

Aug. 9 — Italians take Goritz by assault. 

Aug. 27 — Italy formally declares war against Germany. 

Aug. 28 — Roumania declares war against Austria-Hungary. 

Sept. 9 — French recapture Fort Douamont, in swift attack. 

Sept. 26 — French and British take Combles; British take Thiep- 

val and Gueudecourt. 
Sept. 2S — Venizelos proclaims provisional government in Greece; 

to aid Allies. 
Oct. 11 — Germans defeat Roumanians in Alt Valley and begin 

invasion of Roumania. 
Oct. 13 — Italians win victory on Carso plateau. 
Nov. 13 — British win Battle of Ancre. 
Nov. 19 — Monastir taken by Serbs, French and Italians. 
Nov. 25 — Greek provisional government declares war on Germany. 
Nov. 28 — Seat of Roumanian government removed from Bucharest 

to Jassy. 
Dec. 12 — Germany proposes peace negotiations. 

1917 
Jan. 31 — Germany announces that beginning Feb. 1 she will sink 

all merchant ships without warning. 
Jan. 31 — Germany notifies United States of conditions under 

which she will allow our ships to traverse the war zone. 
Feb. 3 — United States breaks relations with Germany. 
Feb. 3 — United States steamship Housatonic sunk. 
Feb. 3 — United States demands release of Yarrowdale prisoners. 
Feb. 10 — American Ambassador Gerard leaves Berlin. 
Feb. 15 — Berlin advises Yarrowdale prisoners have been released. 
Feb. 26 — President Wilson addresses Congress asking authority to 

arm merchant ships; step killed by Senate filibuster. British 

continue advance along Ancre River on 11-mile front. 
Feb. 26 — British capture Kut-el-Amara in Asia Minor. 
March 3 — British advance on 5-mile front northwest of Bapaume. 
March 5— Germans launch big attack on Verdun. 
March 11 — British capture Bagdad. 
March 13 — Germans abandon main defenses on 3% -mile front 

west of Bapaume. 
March 14 — Russians capture Kermanshah, Asia Minor. 
March 15 — Czar Nicholas of Russia abdicates after being deposed 

by revolution. 
March 17 — British capture Bapaume; French capture Roye and 

Lassigny. 
March 18— Germans make great "strategic retreat." retiring on 85- 
mile front, abandoning Peronne. Cbaulnes, Nesle and Noyon. 

Allies advance line Arras to Soissons to depth of 12 mile3 

and retake 60 villages. 
April 7 — United States declares war on Germany. 
May 4— French capture Craonne and German first line trenches 

northwest of Rheims. 
May 6— French clear all but small sector of Chemin des Dames. 
May 13 — Italians take offensive against Austrians on Isonzo front. 
May 16 — United States announces safe arrival of torpedo boats in 

European waters to co-operate with British fleet. 
May 17 — Italians cross Isonzo; British capture Bullecourt. 
May IS— Army conscription bill signed by President Wilson. 
June— All contingents of General Pershing's army arrive safely in 

France and go into training. 
June 5 — Registration day under U. S. army conscription act. 
June 20 — Italians resume offensive in Trentino. 



June 26 — Canadians capture La Coulotte. 

July 1-2 — Russians under Kerensky resume drive toward Lemberg. 

July 10 — Russians take Halicz. 

July 12 — Russians take Kalusz. 

July 20 — Drawing for United States draft army at Washington. 

July 22 — Russians retreat in northern Galicia as mutiny spreads. 

July 31 — French and British smash German lines in Belgium on 
25 mile front, from Dixmude to VVarneton, taking 10 towns. 

Aug. 20 — French break German line on 11 -mile front north of 
Verdun. 

Aug. 23 — Canadians take important German positions south of 
Lens; Russians evacuate Riga. 

Sept. 3 — Germans occupy Riga. 

Sept. 5 — First contingent of U. S. draft army arrives at canton- 
ments. 

Sept. 14 — Russian provisional government proclaims a republic. 

Sept. 29 — Italians gain ground by surprise attack above Gorizia. 

Oct. 4 — British win crest of Passchendaele. 

Oct. 6— Congress adjourns after appropriating $21,000,000,000 for 
war. 

Oct. 9 — British drive Germans from Poelcapelle. 

Oct. 13 — Germans land on Oesel and Dago Islands, Gulf of Riga. 

Oct. 17 — U. S. transport Antilles sunk homeward bound. 

Oct. 22 — British capture important positions southeast of Poel- 
capelle. 

Oct. 23 — French smash German lines on Aisne taking Malmaison 
fort. 

Oct. 24 — Austro-German offensive against Italy begun. 

Oct. 25 — Germans retreat 15 miles on Riga front; civilians evacu- 
ate Kronstadt. 

Oct. 25 — Teutons extend gains on Isonzo front, northern Italy. 

Oct. 26— Brazil declares war on Germany. 

Oct. 27 — Officially announced American troops are in French first 
line trenches. 

Oct. 28 — Teutons take Gorizia and Cividale, northern Italy. 

Oct. 29 — Italian Isonzo front collapses, army retiring to Taglia- 
mento River. 

Nov. 1 — British and French reach Italian front. 

Nov. 1 — British take Beersheba, Palestine. 

Nov. 2 — Germans driven from hilly portions of Chemin des Dames. 

Nov. 3 — Italians abandon eastern bank of Tagliamento River. 

Nov. 3 — First American casualties announced, three killed, 11 
wounded, in trench raid. 

Nov. 6 — Canadians take Passchendaele. 

Nov. 6 — Italians abandon entire Tagliamento line. 

Nov. 7 — Teutons reach line of Livenza River, northern Italy. 

Nov. 8 — Bolsheviki seize Petrograd, overthrow Kerensky and an- 
nounce purpose of negotiating separate peace. 

Nov. 9 — Teutons advance toward Piave River, northern Italy; Gen- 
eral Cadorna replaced by General Diaz in supreme Italian 
command. 

Nov. 14 — Kerensy flees from Petrograd. 

Nov. 15 — Italians repulse Teuton attempts to cross Piave River. 

Nov. 16 — Italians open floodgates of Piave and Sile Rivers to 
save Venice. 

Nov. 18— British take Jaffa, Palestine. 

Nov. 18 — Rioting reported in Berlin. 

Nov. 21 — British, under General Byng, in gigantic offensive aided 
by tanks smash German "Hindenburg Line" on 32-mile 
front St. Quentin to Scarpe River, advancing toward Cam- 
brai; 5,000 prisoners. 



Not. 23 — Russians begin demobilizing army. 

Nov. 30 — Safe arrival in France of "Rainbow Division," first Na- 
tional Guard contingent. 

Dec. 1 — Inter-allied war council meets in Paris. 

Dec. 2— Russian Bolsbeviki open negotiations for truce with Ger- 
many. 

Dec. 4 — President Wilson addresses Congress calling for war on 
Austria and pledging United States to. tight to victory. 

Dec. 6 — Part of Halifax destroyed by munition ship explosion. 

Dec. 7 — United States declares war on Austria. 

Dec. 10 — Jerusalem captured by British. 

Dec. 11 — Panama declares war on Austria. 

Dec. 16— Russians sign truce with Germany for 28 days. 

Dec. 17 — Canada votes for conscription. 

Dec. 23 — Germany and Russia open peace negotiations. 

Dec. 23 — Bethlehem captured by British. 

Dec. 28 — United States takes control of railways for war. 

Dec. 28 — Allies indicate they will reject German peace feelers. 
1918 

Jan. 2 — French win victory over Austro-Germans on Italian front. 

Jan. 3— Hitch in Russo-German parleys due to German demands. 

Jan. 7 — U. S. Supreme Court upholds draft law; Russians reopen 
peace parley. 

Jan. 8 — President Wilson restates U. S. war aims. 

Jan. 9 — Reported crowds in German cities march demanding peace. 

Jan. 14 — Russo-German armistice extended to Feb. 18. 

Jan. 15 — Crisis over war aims in Germany growing; crowds break 
up Junker meetings. 

Jan. 16 — U. S. Fuel Administration orders five-day shutdown of 
industry and ten heatless Mondays. 

Jan. 18 — Strikes and riuts reported throughout Austria-Hungary. 

Jan. 19 — Bill introduced in U. S. Senate providing for supreme 
war cabinet leads to violent controversy. 

Jan. 25 — Germany rejects our war aims ; Austria conciliatory. 

Jan. 25 — United States troops in action on western front. 

Jan. 26— German Socialists warn government of overthrow. 

Jan. 29 — Forty-seven killed in London air raids. 

Jan. 29 — War Department charges Germany with violating truce 
with Russia by transferring troops to western front. 

Jan. 29 — Italians open drive on Asiago, take 1,500 prisoners. 

Jan. 30— Sixteen former German and Austrian ships reach France 
safely with American troops. 

Jan. 31 — Twenty killed in Paris air raid. 

Feb. 4 — German aliens in United States registered. 

Feb. 4 — Germans concentrating in west for great drive. 

Feb. 6 — Transport Tuscania torpedoed; 267 U. S. soldiers lost. 

Feb. 7 — Bolsbeviki refuse German demands for immediate peace. 

Feb. 8 — Heatless Mondays abandoned. 

Feb. 9 — Ukrainia signs peace with Germany; first peace of war. 

Feb. 11 — Russia declares state of war at end; disbands army. 

Feb. 11 — Roumania declares she will live or die with allies. 

Feb. 18 — Germany resumes war on Russia; begins drive east. 

Feb. 19— Bolsheviki accept German terms but drive continues. 

Feb. 19— Great Britain and U. S. sign army draft treaty. 

Feb. 22— American troops capture first German prisoner. 

Feb. 25 — Germany replies to allies' peace terms, as usual in 
crafty generalities. 

Feb. 26— Allied embassy staffs leaving Petrograd. 

Feb. 28— Friction reported between Austria and Germany over 
Russian drive. 

64 



NOTES 



NOTES 



NOTES 



NOTES 



NOTES 



NOTES 



NOTES 



NOTES 



NOTES 



NOTES 



NOTES 



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a a 



cr 
2S 



^£3 
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P 



WIG-WAG SIGNALS 




POSITION 



DOT 



DASH 



INTERNATIONAL CODE 



A* — 


N — • 


1 . 


B — ••• 





2 .. — 


C — •— • 


p . . 


3 •••- 


D — •• 


Q — 


/L ••••«■ 


E • 


R — 


5 


F • 


S ••• 


3 ^— • •• 


G • 


T — 


7 • 


H •••• 


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8 


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K — • — 


X 




L . — •• 


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See next page for Codes 



SIGNAL CORPS CODES 

(See Preceding Page) 
For communication between the firing line and the reserve 
or commander in rear, the subjoined signals are prescribed and 
should be memorized. In transmission, their concealment from 
the enemy's view should be insured. In the absense of signal 
flags, the headdress or other substitute may be used. 



Letter of 


If signaled from the rear 


If signaled from the fi- 


alphabet. 


to the firing line. 


ring line to the rear. 


A M 


Ammunition going for- 
ward. 


Ammunition required. 


C C C 


Charge (mandatory at all 
times). 


Am about to charge if no 




instructions to the con- 






trary. 


C F 


Cease firing. 


Cease firing. 


D T 


Double time or "rush." 


Double time or "rush" or 
hurry. 


F 


Commence firing. 


Commence firing. 


F L 


Artillery fire is causing 


Artillery fire is causing 




us losses. 


us losses. 


G 


Move forward. 


Preparing to move for- 
ward. 


H H H 


Halt. 


Halt. 


K 


Negative. 


Negative. 


L T 


Left. 


Left. 





Interrogatory: What is 


Interrogatory: What is 




the (R. N., etc)? 


the (R. N., etc.)? 


P 


Affirmative. 


Affirmative. 


R 


Acknowledgment. 


Acknowledgment. 


R N 


Range. 


Range. 


R T 


Right. 


Right. 


s s s 


Support going forward. 


Support needed. 


T 


Target. 


Target. 



THE TWO -ARM SEMAPHORE CODE 
WITH HAND FLAGS 



B R 2 



#* 



E M 5 



F H 6 



G 1^7 



or 

H 



8 



I Til 9 



,r. 



nega[jtive 



PREPARATORY 



L V I 




M v ll! 



ANNULLING 



N 



INTERROGATORY 



AFFIRM Li ATIVE 








Q I 



ACKNOWLEDGE 



R » 





u 



V 



w 



X 



> 



<^ 




INTERVAL 



NUMvERfALS 



U.S. ARMY FLAGS 





INFANTRY DIVISION 
HEADQUARTERS 



FIELD ARMY 
HEADQUARTERS 




field hospital 
Headquarters 



\K 



CAVAlRY division 
headquarters 



INFANTRY BRIGADE 
HEADQUARTERS 
DIVISION ABOVE 
BRIGADE BELOW 






% 




ARTILLERY BRIGADE 
HEADQUARTERS 



CAVALRY BRIGADE 
HEADQUARTERS 
DIVISION ABOVE 
BRIGADE BELOW 



QUARTERMASTER CORPS 
AND SUPPLY TRAIN 





HOSPITAL TRAIN 
REGIMENTAL HOSPITAL, 
DRESSING STATION. ETC. 

A 



AMMUNITION TRAINS 

AND 
DISTRIBUTION POINTS 



CAVALRY GUIDON 

REGIMENT ABOVE 

TROOP BELOW 




ARTILLERY GUIDON 
REGIMENT ABOVE 
BATTERY BELOW 




RED 
BLUE 
BELLOW i... 1 



SIGNAL CORPS GUIDON 

CORPS ABOVE 

BATTALION BELOW 



AMBULANCE COMPANY 
GUIDON 




U.S.ARMY INFANTRY COMPANY 
MARKING FLAGS 



D 



COMPANY K. 




FIELD TELEGRAPH 
OR TELEPHONE 




COMPANY L 




FIELD 
POST OFFICE 







IIHI 




\f 


U COMPANY 


A. 


COMPANY E 




J COMPANY C. 



X 













■ 


"COMPANY D 




cor 


APM 


\IYE 




COMPANY F 







X 




□ 


■" COMPANY 6 




COMPANY H 


. 


COMPANY 1. 




COMPANY M 



WHITE 



BLU E 



RED 
BLACK 



84 



U.S. ARMY INSIGNIA 

EPAULETTES. GENERAL OFFICERS DISMOUNTED 




SHOULDER STRAPS WORN ON DRESS COAT 
BY ALL OFFICERS 




For Legend see Page 95 
85 



U.S. ARMY INSIGNIA 

CHEVRONS OF NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS 




LEGEND 



1. Regimental Sergeant Major. 

2. Regimental Supply Sergeant 

3. Band Leader. 

4. Battalion Sergeant Major. 

5. Color Sergeant. 

6. Assistant Band Leader. 



7. First Sergeant. 

8. Drum Major. 

9. Company Supply Sergeant. 

10. Company Mess Sergeant. 

11. Master Electrician. 

12. Post Ordnance Sergeant. 

13. Sergeant First Class, 
Corps. 



14. 



Sir-eant First Class, Medical 
Dept. 

15. Signal Electrician, Signal 
Corps. 

16. Sergeant Quartermaster 
Corps. 

17. Electrician Sergeant. 

18. Klcctrician Sergeant First 
Class, Coast Artillery Corps. 

19. Sergeant Ordnance Dept. 

20. Sergeant, Signal Corps. 

21. Bugler Sergeant. 
Signal 22. Stable Sergeant. 

23. Sergeant. 

24. Corporal. 



U.S. ARMY DEVICES FOR 
BRANCHES OF THE SERVICE 




CAVALRY INFANTRY FIELD ARTILLERY 



COAST ARTLLERY BANDSMAN BUGLER 





IKS) 



t 




ELECTRICIAN CHAPLAIN 




DENTAL CORPS 




JUDGE ADVOCATE'S 
SIGNAL MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 




U.S. NAVAL INSIGNIA 




V Jn lU J EPAULETTES 
4 S INSIGNIA 




j ^i 



6 7 8 9 

DEPARTMENT DEVICES 




5 6 

For Legend see Page 95 



U.S. NAVAL DEVICES 










8 



CHEVRONS FOR PETTY OFFICERS 





^ 




^§^ 



DEVICE UNDER EAGLE SIGNIFIES BRANCH 



AS ON PAGE 90 

For Legend see Page 95 

89 



NAVAL DEVICtS - SPECIALTY MARKS 








6 



9 




10 



11 



°fO 1 







12 




24 25 

For Legend see Page 96 



BRITISH ARMY INSIGNIA 

INSIGNIA WORN ON SHOULDER STRAPS 
12 3 4 







INSIGNIA WORN ON SLEEVE 



<& 5 





CHEVRONS OF NON COMMISSIONED OFFICERS 



A 



^ 



^ 



6 7 S 9 10 

DEVICES FOR BRANCHES OF SERVICE 




FRENCH ARMY INSIGNIA 

INSIGNIA OF RANK 







i 

a 

i — i 

i — i 


1 


i 1 


3 

1=1 




r — i 
4 



CHEVRONS OF NON-COMMISS 



iiiiiini 



ONED OFFICERS 



^ 



12 3 4 5 

COLLAR PATCHES FOR BRANCHES OF SERVICE 


1 




V 




0£> 




Si 




n 



2 3 4 

ARM DEVICES 



^7 



1 2 3 

For Legend see Page 96 



FLAGS OF THE ALLIES 




FLAGS OF NATIONS 
BROKEN WITH GERMANY 



pz 



COSTA RICA 



ECUADOR 



1 



u URUGUAY 



LEADING NEUTRALS 








1 1 




I- 




DENMARK 



NETHERLANDS 



* 



SWITZERLAND 






GREEN 

BLACK 



£1 



LIGHT 
BLUE 



ARGENTI NE 



THE ENEMY 



BZL 



ll 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY BULGARIA 



: , — I 



TURKEY 



LEGEND— PAGE 85 

U. S. Army Insignia: 

Epaulette, General Officers Dismounted: Gold with Insignia 
of Rank in Silver: 

1. Lieutenant-General. 3. Brigadier-General. 

2. Major- General. 



Insignia of other officers: Insignia of Rank in Silver. 



Lieutenant-Colonel. 
Service shoulder strap, 
(Khaki) to bear appro- 
priate insignia. 
Major (Gold Leaf). 
Captain. 

White Shoulder Strap all 
officers, to bear appropri- 



ate insignia. 
9. First Lieut. (Silver Bar). 
9. Second Lieut. (Gold Bar). 

10. Colonel. 

11. Full dress shoulder knot, 
all officers, gold, to bear 
appropriate insignia. 



Shoulder Straps worn on dress coat by all officers; color of 
field depends on branch of service (page 36); insignia, silver: 



1. General. 

2. Lieutenant-General. 

3. Major-General. 

4. Brigadier-General. 

5. Colonel. 

6. Lieutenant-Colonel 
ver Leaf). 



(Sll- 



6. Major (Gold Leaf). 

7. Captain. 

8. First Lieutenant. 

9. Second Lieutenant. (Gold 
Bar). 

10. Chaplain. 



LEGEND— PAGE 88 

U. S. NavaJ Insignia: 

Epaulettes and Insignia worn by all commissioned officers on 
pad of epaulette or collar of service coat; Insignia in silver: 



1. Admiral of the Navy. 

2. Admiral. 

3. Vice-Admiral. 

4. Rear Admiral. 

5. Captain. 

6. Commander (Silver Leaf). 



7. Lieut.-Comdr. (Gold Leaf). 

S. Lieutenant. 

It. Lieutenant Junior Grade. 

Ensign wears plain pad 

and collar. 



Department Devices worn on arm of epaulette and collar of 
service coat instead of anchor: 



1. Medical Officer. 

2. Pay Officer. 

3. Professor of Mathematics. 



Civil Engineer. 
Dental Officer. 



LEGEND— PAGE 89 

U. S. Naval Devices; worn on collar of service coat: 

1. Chaplain. 0. Chief Saihnaker and Sail- 

2. Chief Boatswain. makers. 

3. Chief Gunner. 7. Chief Pharmacist and 

4. Chief Machinist. Pharmacists. 

5. Chief Carpenter. S. Paymaster's Clerks. 

9. Mate. 

Chevrons for Petty Officers: 

1. Chief Petty Officer. 

2. Petty Officer, Second Class. 



3. Petty Officer, First Class. 

4. Petty Officer, Third Class. 



LEGEND— PAGE 90 

Naval Devices— Specialty Marks; worn by a Fetty Officer 
under the Eagle on the chevron, by others on the sleeve: 

1 Master at Arms. 15. Bandmaster, Musician. 

2 Boatswain's Mate, Coxwain. 16. Commissary Steward. 

3.' Quartermaster. 17. Ship Cook, Baker, Offl- 

4. Blacksmith. Ship Fitter. eer's Cook, Officers 

5. Sailworker's Mate. Steward. 

6. Printer. 18. Bugler. 

7 Carpenter's Mate, riurnb- 19. Seaman Gunner, 
er, Fitter. Painter. 20. Gun Pointer. 

8 Turret Captain. 21. Radio Operator. 

9. Gunner's Mate. 22. Navy "E," worn by men 

10. Chief Yeoman. rated "Excellent In 

11 Yeoman. 1st, 2nd, 3rd Class. some ship competition. 

12. Electrician. 23. Torpedo Man. 

13. Machinist's Mate, Boiler- 24. Gun Captain. 
maker, W a t c r Tender, 25. Ex. Apprentice. 
Coppersmith, Oiler. 26. First Class Gun Pointer 

14. Hospital steward, Hospi- (when worn above regu- 
tal Apprentice. lar mark). 

LEGEND— PAGE 91 
British Army Insignia: 
Insignia worn on Shoulder Straps: 

1. General. 3. Major-General. 

2. Lieutenant-General. 4. Brigadier-General. 
Insignia worn on Sleeve by all other Officers: 

5. Colonel. $. Captain. 

6. Lieutenant-Colonel. 9- First Lieutenant. 

7. Major. 1°- Second Lieutenant. 
Chevrons of Non- Commissioned Officers: 

1. staff Sergeant Major. 5. Color Sergeant. 

imental Quartermaster 6. Sergeant. 

Sergeant. 7. Corporal. 

3. Quartermaster Sergeant. 8. Lance Corporal. 

4. Company, Battery or 9. Good Conduct Badge. 
Troop Sergeant Major. 10. Signalman. 

Devices of branches of the Service: 

1. Artillery. 3. Scout. 4. Flying Corps. 

2. Machine-gun Corps. 5. Engineer. 

LEGEND— PAGE 92 
French Army Insignia: 
Insignia of Rank worn on Arm just above Cuff: 

1. General. 10. Trench Chevrons worn by 

2. General of Division. both officers and men on 

3. General of Brigade. arm above elbow; one 

4. Colonel. chevron denotes year's 

5. Lieutenant-Colonel. service at the front; each 

6. Major. 8. Lieutenant. additional chevron six 

7. Captain. 9. Sous Lieutenant, months' additional service. 
Chevrons of Non-Commissioned Officers: 

1. Adjutant (black and gold 4. Corporal or Brigadier (col- 
braid), orcd cloth). 

2. Sergeant Major (gold braid). 5. First Class Private (col- 

3. Sergeant (gold braid). ored cloth). 
Color Patches for Branches of Service: 

1. Cuirassiers and Dragoons 4. Aviation Corps. 

2. Infantry. 3. Artillery. 5. Zouaves (wear khaki) 
Arm Devices: 

1. Aviation Corps. 3. Bandsman. 

2. Pioneer. 4. Trumpeter. 

96 



HMI 




